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[Audio] COVID-19. A GLOBAL NIGHTMARE. COVID-19, A GLOBAL NIGHTMARE KEY THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT THE CORONAVIRUS.

[Audio] In the course of this presentation, the following will be discussed; How covid-19 started Important data about covi-19 Signs of infection with covid-19 How to stay safe and What to do when infected..

[Audio] Coronavirus (CoV) (SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19) is a rising worldwide health danger derived from the Latin word 'corona' meaning 'crown'. It causes various respiratory tract infections in humans, ranging from a moderate cold to severe respiratory distress syndrome. The COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and quickly spread to Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Iran. This outbreak was followed by widespread viral spread worldwide, and the WHO labelled the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. As a result, it has resulted in nearly 3 million fatalities worldwide (Umakanthan et al., 2019)..

[Audio] Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that are big, enveloped, and present in humans and other animals such as dogs, cats, chickens, cattle, pigs, and birds. Coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological illnesses. In clinical practice, the most prevalent coronaviruses are 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, which often induce common cold symptoms in immunocompetent patients. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to produce serious sickness in people during the last two decades. The first coronavirus that caused serious disease was SARS, which was considered to have originated in Foshan, China, and culminated in the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV pandemic. The second was the coronavirus-caused Middle East respiratory disease (MERS), which emerged in 2012 from the Arabian Peninsula. COVID-19 is the outcome of an infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was initially isolated and detected in individuals exposed in December 2019 at a seafood market in Wuhan City, China. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to cross-species (animals) to cause initial human infections; however, it is predominantly propagated via human-to-human transmission. Despite the possibility of a zoonotic origin, investigations have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an unknown-origin coronavirus, with pangolins and minks as plausible intermediary hosts. Although bats are assumed to be a natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, it has been proposed that humans acquired the infection via an intermediary host, such as the pangolin. Nevertheless, no evidence supports the possibility of transmission from a bat reservoir to a person via one or more intermediary animal species in the recent Wuhan incident. This report shows that since the middle of December 2019, person-to-person dissemination has been occurring among intimate contacts. Recent research suggests that the virus may have arisen sooner in different countries than previously assumed. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) commonly cause moderate to severe respiratory illnesses. Seven CoVs have been verified to infect humans, including two -CoVs (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) and five -CoVs [HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory disease coronavirus] (MERS-CoV). Further study is needed to establish the source of SARS-CoV-2 (Zhang et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). There are two major variants of Covid-19, namely omicron and delta, based on the evolution of the virus. Little is known about omicron, reported as classified as a variant of concern by WHO on November 26 2021. The Delta variant is a variant of concern classified by WHO on May 11, 2021, and is currently the dominant variant circulating globally. Delta spreads more easily than earlier strains of the virus and is responsible for more cases and deaths worldwide. All approved COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective in preventing severe disease and death against the Delta variant (WHO, 2023)..

[Audio] Mode of transmission Viral shedding occurs from the respiratory tract, saliva, faeces, and urine, transmitting viruses to other sites. Human-to-human transmission happens via common methods such as direct contact and airborne transmission via aerosols and medical procedures. The most prevalent transmission mechanisms include coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact with oral, nasal, and ocular mucous membranes..

[Audio] The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is unclear; however, it may resemble SARS in certain ways. Human airway epithelium and alveolar cells are both harmed by the viral infection. Viral infection of pneumocytes causes local inflammatory reactions and the production of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1), tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, as well as a variety of chemokines that help to attract circulating leukocytes. The subsequent inflammatory cascade in severe COVID-19 may result in a cytokine storm, including IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP), and TNF-. The cytokine storm is thought to be a major contributor to both ARDS and extra-pulmonary organ failure..

[Audio] Peripheral lymphopenia is prevalent, especially in patients with the more severe type of COVID-19. This discovery might be attributed to functional compartmentalization due to these cells' apparent recruitment into virus-infected lung tissue rather than any unique virus-mediated inhibition. Despite a decrease in overall numbers, there is an increase in the fraction of activated HLA-DR+CD38+ T cells in peripheral blood. Similarly, the percentage of CCR4+CCR6+Th17 cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activities comparable to those seen in CD8+ T cells, is increasing (Shi et al., 2020)..

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[Audio] Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. Anyone can have mild to severe symptoms. Non Specific symptoms Fever Cough Myalgia Sore throat Headache Chills Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Ageusia Conjunctival congestion.

[Audio] Specific symptoms Dyspnea Increased respiratory rate (greater than 30c/m) Decreased oxygen saturation (less than 93%) Lung infiltration greater than 50% of the lung field within 24-48hours Septic shock Respiratory failure Multiorgan dysfunction. Critical COVID-19 – Defined by the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, septic shock, or other conditions that normally require life-sustaining therapies such as mechanical ventilation (invasive or non-invasive) or vasopressor therapy. Severe COVID-19 – defined by any of the: oxygen saturation < 90% on room air; severe pneumonia; Signs of severe respiratory distress (in adults, accessory muscle use, inability to complete full sentences, respiratory rate > 30 breaths per minute; and, in children, very severe chest wall in-drawing, grunting, central cyanosis, or presence of any other general danger signs including an inability to breastfeed or drink, lethargy, convulsions or reduced level of consciousness). Non-severe COVID-19 – Defined as the absence of any criteria for severe or critical COVID-19.

[Audio] Globally, as of March 7 2023, there have been 759,408,703 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 6,866,434 deaths, reported to WHO. As of March 5 2023, 13,229,673,098 vaccine doses have been administered. The highest number of confirmed cases was 44265843 recorded on December 19, 2022, and the highest mortality of 102070 was recorded on January 18, 2021. This decline in mortality despite increased confirmed cases may be due to public awareness of prevention and vaccination..

[Audio] From the total cases identified all over the world, Europe recorded the most cases with 273,666,626, which is followed closely by Western Pacific which has recorded a total of 201,522,015. Africa has the least number of recorded cases with 9,500,642..

[Audio] There has been a decline in the number of deaths caused by covid-19 over time..

[Audio] Risk factors Smoking, Hypertension Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Old age.

[Audio] Diagnosis (Maia et al., 2022) NAAT, e.g. reverse transcription and real-time PCR of nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs Serological tests, e.g. ELISA and antibody detection of nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs Imaging studies, e.g. CT scan, MRI, chest x-ray Sensor e.g. temperature.

[Audio] All covid-19 treatments should be prescribed, completed or stopped under guidance of a health care professional. Adverse events should be reported through local or national reporting systems..

[Audio] Confirmation of covid-19 can be achieved by ensuring prompt diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using a molecular or antigen-detection test..

[Audio] The disease is assessed based on severity, risk factors and symptoms. Early clinical assessment and evaluation should be provided to determine if the patient has symptoms, emergency signs or risk factors that may warrant treatment, clinical referral or admission to hospital care..

[Audio] There is no cure for COVID-19 currently. However, supportive management depending on severity and risk factor will include;.

[Audio] Antiviral therapy Antibiotics Glucocorticoids (use with caution because of the effects on acute respiratory syndrome) Treatment of underlying and comorbid conditions Oxygenation through nasal and endotracheal intubation Neuromuscular blockage Nitric oxide through inhalation End expiratory pressure through the insertion of the oesophagal balloon Dialysis Fluid management Vitamin C.

[Audio] Evaluate clinical response to treatment and check recovery. All patients receiving covid-19 treatment require clinical monitoring and follow up by a health care professional throughout their illness and recovery, including those that develop post-COVID-19 condition. If being treated at home, patients and caregivers should be counselled on important signs and symptoms (including chest pain, fast or difficult breathing, fast heartrate, palpitations, confusion). If present or worsening, instruct patient or caregivers to call for emergency help according to national protocols..

[Audio] After a positive covid-19 test, it is advised; stay home and get across a healthcare provider self-isolate and take precautions and recommendations set by your doctor monitor your symptoms. The recommended days of isolation for symptomatic indiduals is 10 days, while that for asymptomatic individuals is 5 days..

[Audio] Covid-19 can be prevented by; Hand hygiene Social distancing Use of personal protective elements Personal hygiene and Isolation and treatment of infected persons.