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Cielo May Urbano Pura De La Salle University, Manila Brother Andrew Gonzales  FSC College of Education (BAGCED) De La Salle University Taft Avenue, Manila

Coronalexicon : A cross-lingual analysis of the language of the pandemic across L1 and L2 English varieties

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IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 MEDICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL POLITICAL

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Research Questions 1. What are the medical, economic, social, and political COVID-19 related vocabulary terms that were used in communicating with the public during the pandemic period? 2. Which word-formation processes are operating in the COVID-19 related vocabulary? 3.  What are the meanings associated with these terms as used in their linguistic contexts? 4. To what extent are these words used in different English varieties?

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Word-formation Processes  ( Biermeier , 2009)

Bauer (1983) unpredicted non-rule governed way

Leonhard (1992) Katamba  (1993)  language users’ ability to extend the language system

Compounding Conversion Affixation Backformation Clipping Abbreviations or Acronyms Blending

Dubey, Biswas, Ghosh, Chatterjee, Jana, Chatterjee,  Lahiri , and  Lavie  (2020) effects of the pandemic cover economic/financial, medical, and psychosocial

Asif,   Zhiyong ,   Iram ,   and   Nisar's   (2020)  categorized the pandemic language into medical terms and terms as popularized by state briefings

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used bigger corpus of news and magazine articles with 12 billion words

used both qualitative and quantitative analysis

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all word-formation categories of  Biermeier  (2008) will be used

only one or two word-formations on pandemic language studies

plain glossary of pandemic terms with definitions, without information of frequency of use

wordlist will be framed at medical, economic, and social terms definitions, and with extent of use of words across the regional varieties of English

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very few studies on the language of the pandemic

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Pandemic wordlist based on medical, economic, social, and political terms with meanings

Pandemic words framed at Thomas  Biermeier  Word-Formation Processes (2008)

Extent of use of the pandemic lexemes  across L1, L2 Asia, and L2 African varieties (January 1, 2020 – June 1, 2021)

Theorizes on the growth of the regional varieties of English in extending their pandemic lexicon in the lens of crisis communication response and intercultural communication

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Attitudes of the users on the existing words

Does not discuss the growth of New  Englishes  in the context of World  Englishes  paradigms

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WHO, government officials, and journalists  (feedback mechanism)

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Quantitative Extent of use of pandemic words - Frequency counts Normalized  frequency per MIL words across sampled countries Qualitative classification of words based on medical, economic, social, and political terms and exemplification of their contexts by giving examples categorization of the pandemic lexemes based on  Biermeier’s  (2008) framework of word-formation

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a collection of web-based newspapers and magazines in 20 different English-speaking countries from 2010 to the present currently has 12 billion words 6-10 million words are being added to the corpus everyday 200-220 million words of data each month (from about 300,000 - 400,000 new articles), or about 1.8 - 2.0 billion words each year

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No. Country COVID-19 Cases as of June 14, 2021 L1 Countries 1 United States 33,335,942 2 Great Britain 4,581,006 3 Canada 1,403,285 4 Ireland 267,061

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No. Country COVID-19 Cases as of June 14, 2021 L2 Asia 5 India 29,617,058 6 Bangladesh 833,291 7 Pakistan 943,027 8 Philippines 1,327,431

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No. Country COVID-19 Cases as of June 14, 2021 L2 Africa 9 Nigeria 167,000 10 Ghana 176 million 11 Kenya 176 million 12 Jamaica 2,113

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Step 1 Collect high-frequency pandemic words listed in OED from April to September 2020, pandemic glossary articles from the internet, and those published at dictionary.com . Step 2 Search the pandemic words in the corpus one by one. Step 4 Infer the pandemic words’ linguistic meanings through KWIC. Step 3 List down the pandemic words with five and more occurrences in the corpus and have a separate list for words with four occurrences and below.

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Step 5 Step 6 Submit to a linguist and a public health official in the Department of Health to validate the definitions in the pandemic context. Identify the number of frequencies of each pandemic word (with five and more frequencies) from January 1, 2020 up to June 1, 2021. Step 7 Determine the number of frequencies per million words of each pandemic lexeme across the Regional Varieties of English.

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Step 1 Classify each pandemic word based on medical, economic, social, and political term. Step 2 Categorize the COVID-19 vocabulary into the various word-formation processes.  Step 3 Analyze each term according to its linguistic meaning as used and reflected in the corpus Step 4 Identify the extent of use of pandemic words across L1, L2 Asia, and L2 Africa through frequency counts.

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Word-formation processes that operated in the production of the pandemic lexemes

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Overall Frequencies of the Pandemic Lexicon per Variety of  English

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Prevalent Words in the Regional Varieties of English

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High Frequency Pandemic Lexemes in All Sampled  Englishes

coronavirus cornavirus-affected coronaviruses coronavirus-themed self-quarantine COVID-19-related community transmission corona-related contact tracing lockdown face mask travel-bubble/s epidemic curve telemed/telemedicine coronavirus-infected infodemic coronavirus-free asymptomatic COVID-19-positive symptomatic COVID-19-care anti-pandemic COVID-19-recovered anti-COVID-19 COVID-19-confirmed post-corona new normal post-pandemic coronavirus-induced post-COVID-19 COVID-19-induced pre-corona coronavirus-hit pre-pandemic coronavirus-stricken pre-COVID-19 pandemic-stricken COVID-19 social distancing PPE physical distancing SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus-linked WFH

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No. of Unique Words per Variety of English

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Some of the words that occurred only in L1 English Countries

L1  Englishes coronavirus-safe coronavirus-decimated corona-divorce corona-safe pandemic-created coronaprocedure coonavirus -tested COVID-19-created coronavirus-motivated COVID-19-test pandemic-wounded coronavirus-stimulus COVID-19-tested pandemic-scale coronavirus-sized pandemic-associated pandemic-rattled coronavirus-restricted pandemic-aid pandemic-provoked coronavirus-compromised coronavirus-borne pandemic-hobbled corona-generated coronavirus-killing pandemic-recession COVID-19-generated COVID-19-killing pandemic-powered coronavirus-sensitive pandemic-safety pandemic-oriented pandemic-limited COVID-19-control pandemic-depressed pandemic-stressed CoronaCare padnemic-wrecked pandemic-defying coronavirus-recovery pandemic-shattered pandemic-constrained pandemic-recovery pandemic-slowed pandemic-rejigged coronavirus-flu pandemic-stunted pandemic-produced pandemic-flu pandemic-alert pandemic-born coronavirrus-exposed pandemic-emptied pandemic-year

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Pandemic lexemes that occurred only in L2 Asian  Englishes

L2 Asian Englishes Corona-Support corona-panic coronafly pandemic-fight   corona-scan coronaracism coronaoven corona-lockdown corona-phobia APOR

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Word-formation processes Language coping mechanism against various stressors Underlying severe effects of the pandemic Coronalexicon  used by people during various forms of communication People's creativity in coining words  Reflection of a nation’s culture Demonstration of intercultural communication Advancement of the field of applied linguistics/language teaching

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Use language that  lessens doubts and negative emotions among the citizens when communicating about pandemic-related issues. The wordlist and the theoretical discussions regarding the pandemic language in this study can be used as a guide by government and  health organizations in their efforts to effectively communicate to the world.

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A study on the negative and positive perceptions regarding pandemic lexemes will significantly help health officers construct crisis communication guidelines. Communication health officers should create a  crisis response that looks into the intelligibility and comprehensibility of the language of crises. A content and semantic analyses be done on news and announcements communicated to the public by the governments and journalists regarding any health crisis.

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Teachers can use the present study as a material to teach students how to expand the learners' vocabulary and learn new words. Book writers and language teachers  may use the high-frequent words to introduce new vocabulary words for learning. A corpus-based approach to language teaching can help the learners learn the language of the pandemic and any crises in the future.

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Studying the pandemic lexemes by looking at the lens of understandability, intelligibility, and attitude studies. Replicate the study using a corpus of social media posts, tweets, and hashtags to see the  laymanized  terms used by the public as a reflection of their response to the pandemic.  Studies on the pandemic language be framed in the perspective of World  Englishes .

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'WOO 14/06/07 nan
://www-epglish-
e-chan e/

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://www-jdsulxa-comnegalnews/chooülg-positive-language-

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://www-ling-upenn.edu/courses/Fall 2003/1ing001/language change-html

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https://doi-org./10.1016/jjeap-2019.03.008

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://www-thehastingscenter.org/pandemic-language/

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://www-thoughtco.com/what-is-corpus-lingmistics-1689936
://www-thoughtco.com/what-i s-a-language-change-1691096
://www-thoughtco.com/exocenftic-
compound-words-
://www-thoughtco.com/synthetic-compound
words-1692021

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://www-oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/lnterim-

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://www-btmcom/worklife/article/20200522-why-weve-
created-new-language-for-

Coronalexicon: A cross-lingual analysis of the language of the pandemic across L1 and L2 English varieties

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