CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. A group of people sitting at a table looking at papers Description automatically generated with low confidence.

INTRODUCTION. Construction Management Techniques include two basis components Planning and Scheduling Planning: Process of selecting a work approach and order Scheduling: Process of determining the interrelationship of associated timings of operations..

. INTRODUCTION (Cont.…). CPM. PERT. Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques.

A- Network Scheduling. Network Scheduling is a method of scheduling activities by joining them in a series of interconnected links which reflect relationships of activities as assigned by the planner..

Basic Assumptions for a Network Schedule. The project can be divided into a number of distinct activities. Each activity can be assigned a duration. The network chain's known and permanent logical relationships between activities..

Techniques for Network Scheduling. 1- CPM (Critical Path Method) Longest path chosen to do an activity It is the most popular network-scheduling technique used in construction. Developed in the mid fifties by Morgan Walker & James E. Kelly for managing the construction, overhaul and shutdown of large chemical plants. Uses only one possible project duration and the process is called deterministic..

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). 1- CPM (Critical Path Method) Splitting of the project into work activities Determining logic critical path, relationships / interrelationships between activities. Construction of Network Diagrams. Assigning durations to work activities (PERT and CPM use different techniques for this) CPM Calculations resulting in start times, finish times and float calculations of activities. Construction of Bar Charts / Time phased diagrams..

Diagram Description automatically generated. Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…).

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). 2- PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) Developed in 1950, during the War by US Navy. A management control tool for outlining, integrating, and connecting the steps needed to complete a task on schedule. Used widely in mid 90s for the research & development of their Polaris Missile Program. Uses probability distributions rather than fixed values and, hence, termed as stochastic..

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). 2- PERT Following are the major five steps that are involved in PERT planning Task and Milestone Identification Putting the Tasks in the Right Order Drawing the Network Diagrams Time Estimation Critical Path Finding.

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). Difference between PERT & CPM.

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). Fig 2 PERT.

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). 3- MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TECHNIQUES Not new technique but its practical use in network scheduling is new, due to the availability of fast, affordable computers. By employing random numbers to assign potential durations to activities and then resolving the CPM algorithm for project duration, it uses simulation to forecast the length of a project. One can create a distribution for the likely project duration by iteratively repeating the technique multiple times..

Techniques for Network Scheduling (Cont.…). Fig 3 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TECHNIQUES.

ACTIVITY. A portion of the work completed as part of a project or A quantity of effort that can be pinpointed so that we are aware of what it entails and can identify the beginning and end times. A real activity often has an anticipated start and end date, projected costs, and anticipated resource needs. The PA list is a list of actions that come before a certain activity. IPA list refers to a collection of actions that come right before any particular activity..

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES. 1- PROCUREMENT It entails all things that must be delivered to the process that requires time, together with permanent & brief materials, people, cash, gadget and utilities. 2- CONSTRUCTION It consists of the activities essential to bring together and erect power. 3- MANAGEMENT It consists of all items essential for the challenge, but now not particularly identified within the first or second class..

ACTIVITY DURATIONS. Activity duration is forecasted by any one or more of the several means including: Check Past Records. Check Standards Ask the workers, who will do it Make an educated guess Any time durations may be allotted to activity durations in the form of daily, hourly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly and annually. In CPM, a single duration is forecasted for an activity..

ACTIVITY DURATIONS (Cont.…). In PERT (Program Evaluation & Review Techniques), 3 durations are forecasted for an activity and mean taken by weighted average method. Then, Project’s Duration or any Event Completion Time is calculated by probability distribution..

Network Diagrams. Any schematic display of the logical relationship of project activities. Always drawn from left to right to reflect project chronology. Usually a combination of arrows and nodes. A Network for a project is not unique. Mainly two types of diagrams are used: 1. Arrow diagram or Activity-on-arrow diagram 2. Precedence diagram or Node diagram.

ARROW DIAGRAMS. Activity is shown by arrow. Relationship between activities shown by nodes / events. Activity i j Duration A B C D 3 5 2 7 Length of arrow has no relation with the duration/size of activity. It is just a symbol. Customarily arrow always starts from left to right..

EVENT NUMBERING. Events are numbered in an Arrow Diagram. For any given Activity, the head event number should be greater than the tail event number i.e., i > j Any Event numbers can be given/assigned in an Arrow diagram as per your choice..

MILESTONES. Events of some special significance are called Milestones. A project can have a multiple milestones. The success of a project depends on the numbers of milestones it achieves. It is just name given to an event, otherwise the milestone is treated like other events in the CPM calculations..

MILESTONES. Network Diagrams (Cont.…). Fig 4 Milestones.

DUMMY ACTIVITIES. An activity having zero duration and zero cost (and uses zero resources) is called Dummy Activity. Dummy Activity is represented by Dashed Lined Arrow. A Dummy Activity may be - Logic Dummy - To fulfill logic relationship - Numbering Dummy – To avoid same i, j pair for two activities’ - Start / Finish Dummy – To give single start or finish activity in the network..

Logic Dummy. Suppose in a project, B depends on A and D depends on C, as shown in Fig (a) in the next slide. Suppose B depends on A & C and D depends on C only. If Fig (c) is used to show it, it creates an extra condition that D depends on both C and A. Use of a dummy simplifies the situation as shown in fig (b). Such a dummy is called Logic Dummy ..

Logic Dummy. Suppose in a project, B depends on A and D depends on C, as shown in Fig (a) in the next slide. Suppose B depends on A & C and D depends on C only. If Fig (c) is used to show it, it creates an extra condition that D depends on both C and A. Use of a dummy simplifies the situation as shown in fig (b). Such a dummy is called Logic Dummy ..

“ Book- Projects Planning, Analysis, Selection, Implementation, and Review, Prasanna Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill Publications” “ Book- Construction Management and Planning, B. Sengupta and H. Guha, Tata McGraw Hill Publications”.

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