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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . PREFACE TO THE CENTENNIAL EDITION . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 Prologue: Rizal and His Times . Advent Of a National Hero . Childhood Years in Calamba Early Education in Calamba and Bifian Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila, (1872-1877) . Medical Studies at the University Of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) In Sunny Spain (1882—1885) . Paris to Berlin (1885—1887) Noli ble Tangere Published in Berlin (1887) . Rizal 's Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (1887) . First Homecoming (1887-1888) . In Hong Kong and Macao (1888) . Romantic Interlude in Japan (1888) . Rizal's Visit to the United States (1888) . Rizal in London (1888-1889) Rizal 's Second Sojourn in Paris and the Universal Exposition of 1889 . In Belgian Brussels (1890) Misfortunes in Madrid (1890-1891) 1 9 20 27 78 88 105 113 124 128 137 142 153 167 176.

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Biarritz Vacations and Romance with Nelly Boustead (1891' El Filibusterismo published in Ghent (1891) Ophthalmic Surgeon In Hong Kong (1891-92) Second Homecoming and the Liga filigina Exile in Dapitan (1892-96) Last Trip Abroad (1896) Last Homecoming and Trial Martyrdom at Bagumbayan APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F NOTES PROLOGUE: APPENDICES Who Made Rizal Our Foremost National Hero. and Why? By Esteban A. de Memoirs of a Student in Manila by p. Jacinto To the Young Women of Malolos The Indolence of the Filipinos The Philippines A Century Hence Last Farewell RIZAL AND HIS TIMES SELECrED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX 183 190 213 251 323 333 365 419 426 PREFACE This new book on Rizal is primarily written tu replace the previous college textbooks on Rizal by the senior author, namely, Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings and Rizal: Asia's First Apostle of Nationalism, published in 1957 and 1970, respectively. While these two Rizal books have been widely used both here and abroad, the present authors feel that there is need to write a new Rizal book on account of the fact that new materials on the national hero's life have surfaced in history's limelight, making the older editions rather obsolete or inaccurate in certain passages. For instance, the International Congress on Rizal, which was held in Manila on December 4-8, 1961 to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the national hero's birthday, unco- vered many hitherto unknown facts on Rizal. Since then, more Rizal materials have been researched by Rizalist scholars in foreign countries, particularly Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, England, France, Spain, and Germany. It is delightful to know and to write the biography of Rizal for two reasons. He was an exceptional man. unsurpassed by Other Filipino heroes in talent, nobility Of character, and pat- riotism. And, secondly, his life has been highly documented, the most documented in fact, of all the heroes in Asia. Possessing a keen sense of history and an aura of destiny, Rizal himself kept and preserved for posterity his numerous poetical and prose writings, personal and travel diaries, scientific treatises, and hundreds of letters written to, and received from, his parents, brothers, sisters, relatives, friends, and enemies. With these preserved documentary sources, any biographer, with not much difficulty may weave his life story. To climax his herpic life, Rizal welcomed his execution on December 30, 1896 with serene courage, knowing that he was going to die in a blaze of glory — a martyr for his people's freedom. This book is a product of more than three decades of extensive research work on Rizal's life, works and writings in the Philippines and in foreign countries where he sojourned. We have included in this book certain episodes or incidents in the.

Me v—Riul tiographers have either missed in tw i*resting Rizalian are the following: t. in to Pakil. Laguna, was fasinated by turumba. a religious publkly dancing and singing during the Maria 2. fun st«y 01 the Rizal-O&i-San romance in IS. real Rizal met her, to after Rizal had kit her. 3. Rizal (a Japanese patriot). 4. HiNya Park ixi&nt in March I in Whkh Rial that the principal rnernt*rs of the Imperial giving tlr weekly public uncertS , Frio rm- ing exquiüte Western dassical music. vere actually Filipino — early of "brain drain- of talents n.untri—). 5. Rizal student Etivist participated in the stu&nt in Madrid, 6- Rial mt to obtain as Dcxtor of Meocitr. He practised medicirr using his in Mc&ine. 7. Rial sum»rta' in the titter Spain-Germany Controversy ( over the ownership of the Carolinas and Palau arch*lagc. in the pacific. 8. Rizal worked as a proof-rea&r in a German pub Eshing c.y in Leipzig (1M). 9. Rizal was deported from Germany in 1 s.cted by Berlin as a "Y. 10. Rizal and Ecret *Kiety, R.D. L.M. tion of the Malays). II. ear duel t*tween Rizal and Lar&t (French. man) in 103. In u:mcltBion, we express our gratitude to the prestigious Rizalist biogaphers (including Retana, Craig, Palma, Guerrero, Joe Hernanda, Carl« Quirino, Esteban A. de Ocamp, and Fernan&t), works wc onsulted in the prep. araticm of •his Of Fial arntion is Professor for his valuable sugestions and the of his Rizaliana Collection. With his kind crrmission. we use as APPENDIX A his definitive e.ay "Who Jose Rizal Our Foremost National Hero, and Why?" to blast the myth that Rial was -an American-madc national trro-. GREGORIO F. ZAIDE SOMA M. ZAIDE papnian, L.aßma June 19,.

Boyan Lirn. cultivated entirely by Guard* Ova. Ihe last hated syrntx»l of Spanish tyranny v" Guarüa Civil (Constabulary) which was created by the Royal Ikcree of February 12. 1852, as amended by the Royal 01 March 24, for the purvx»e of maintaining internal or&r in the Philippines. It was patterned after the and "II-drxvlined Guardia Civil in Spain. Wble it is true that the Guardia Civil in the Philippine ren&red meritorious services in suppressing the bandits in the later became infamous for their rampant as maltreating inncx•ent Frople, looting their and valuable belongings. and raping helples Both offxers (Spaniards) and men (natives) were ill- undisciplined. unlike the Guardia Civil in Spain who and well-liked by the r»pulace. Rin] "tuany the atrcrities committed by Civil on the Calamba folks. He himself and his of the brutalities of the lieutenant of Gvil. It natural that Rizal directed his stinging satire apiM Guaria Civil. Through Elias in Noh Me Tangere. he Guarüa Civil as a bunch of ruthless ruffians and "IRI-securing honest men-. to *ove mihtary organization by having it who gnssessed education and gex»d were con«ious of the limitations and respon- and rxm•cr. "So much rx»wer in the hands filled with passions. without moral training, satd through Elias, "is a weavx»n in Chapter 1 Advent of A National Hero Dr. Jog Rizal is a unique example of a many-splenüred genius who came the grcate•a hero of a Endowed b' With versatile gifts. he truly ranked With He was a physician (ophthalmic surgeon). dramatist. essayist. novelist. historian. architect. pa.ntcf , ruWor. e&atm. linguist, musician, naturalist. ethnoiogN. farmer businessman. economist. geographer. c. •Io-grar*rr. liophile, philologist. grammarian. folklorist. trn• lator, inventor. magwtan, humorist. sattrN. sm»rtsman,' traveler. and prophet. Aryne and all he was a hero and m»litical martyr Who h" Ide thc redemption 01 his oppres*-d No relaimed as the national hero 01 The Birth ot a Hero. Jose Rizal •as night Of June 19. tn Calamba. Laguna Provitre. "is during the delivery of ho tng As meny years later in his student -l on 19 June. and trfore full me»n It was a Wedtrsday and my this vale Of tears would have my ide not vowed to the vtrpn 01 'o by way ot pdgnmage was barmrd m 22. three days by Who was a Batho Pedro native Oi CAamba vas a &votee thc.

RIZAL: u". WORKS AND W" 'TINGS During the christening cerernony Father Collantes Was by the baby's big head, and told the of the family who were present: "Take care of this child, for someday he "ill trcome a great man." His words proved to prophetic. as confirmed by subsequent events. The baptismal certificate of Rizal reads as follows: "l, the undersigned parish priest of Calamba, certify that from the investigation With authority, for replacing the parish tx»oks which were burned Septemtrr 28, 1862. to be found in Docket NO.' Of Baptisms, p. 49, it appears by the sworn testimony Of comB:tent witnesses that JOSE RIZAL MERCADO is the legitimate son, and Of lawful Of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Dona Teodora Realonda, having Iren baptized in this parish on the 22nd day of June in the year by the parish priest Rev. Rufino Collantes, Rev. Pedro Casanas his g'xifather. — Witness my signature. (Signed): LEONCIO LOPEZ It should noted that at the time Rizal was born. the governor generol of the Philippines was Lieutenant-General Jose Lerner-y. former senator of Spain (member of the of the Spanish Cortes). He governed the Philippines from Feb. ruary 2. to July 7, 1862. Incidentally, on the same date of Rizal's birth (June 19, MI). he sent an official dispatch to the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Ultramar in denouncing Sultan Pulalun of Sulu and several powerful Moro datus for fraternizing with a British consul. Among his achieve- menb as governor gcncral were (I) fostering the cultivation of cotton in the provinces and (2) establishing the politico-military governments in the Visayas and in Mindanao. Rizal's Parents. Jose Rizal Was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda. hero's father, (181"898) was born in Bihan, Laguna. on May 1818. He studied Latin and Philosophy at the college of san Jose in Manila. In early man. hood, following his parent's death, he moved to Calamba and became a tenant-farmer Of the Dominican-owned hacienda. He was a hardy and independent-minded man. who talked less and worked more, and was strong in body and valiant in spirit. He died in Manila on January 5. 1898, at the age of 80. In his student memoirs, Rizal affectionately called him "a rncxlel of fathers". 2 Dona (1826-1911). the hero's mother, was tx•rn in Manila on NovemtEr 8, 1826 and was educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city. She was a remarkable woman. possessing refined culture. literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan women. Rizal lovingly said of her: "My mother is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she knows literature and speaks Spanish than l. She corrected my mierns and gave me good advice when I was studyine rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has read many Dona Teodora died in Manila On August 16, 1911, at the age of 85. Shortly before her death. thc Philippine government offered her a life She courteously rejected it saying. "My family has never been patriotic for money. If the government has plenty of funds and does not know what to do with them. better reduce the taxes." Such remarks truly her as a worthy mother of a national hero. The Rizal Children. God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Tec-Elora Alonso Realonda with eleven chil• dren — two boys and nine girls. nese children were as follows: I. Saturnina — Oldest 01 the Rizal chil- nicknamed Neneng: married Manuel T. Hidalgo Of Tanawan , Batangas. 2. Paciano (1851-19M)) — Older brother and :onfidant Of Jose Rizal; after his younger brother's execution. he joined the Philippine Revolution and a combat general; after thc Revolution, he retired to his farm in Banos, where he lived as a gentleman farmer and died on Avil 13, 19M), an old bachelor aged 79. Hc had two children by his mistress (Sevcrina Deccna) — a and a girl. 3. Nircisa ( 1939) — her name was Sisa and she married Antonio (nephew 01 Father LA'ncio LOFz), a school teacher Of Morong- 4. Olimpia ( 1855-1M) Ypia was her name; she married Silvestre Ubaldo. a telegrapb osrrator from 3.

N mNØ 5. Lucia (1857-1919) — She married Mariano Her- of calamba. who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Hertx,sa died of cholera in 1889 and was denied Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal. 6. Maria (1859-1945) — Biang was her nickname; she married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Birian, Laguna. 7. JOSE (1861-1896) — the greatest Filipino hero and genius; his nickname was Pepe; during his exile in Dapitan he lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Hong Kong; he had a son by her. but this baby-boy died a fcw hours after birth; Rizal named him "Francisco" after his father and buried him in Dapitan. 8. ConceFion (1862-1865) — her pet name was Con- Cha; she died of sickness at the age Of 3; her death was Rizal's first sorrow in life. 9. Josefa ( 1865-1945) — her pet name was Panggoy; shc died an Old maid at the age of 80. 10. Trinidad — Trining was her pet name; she died also an Old maid in 1951 aged 83. I I. Soledad ( 1870-1929) — youngest Of the Rizal chil• dren; her pet name was Choleng; she married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. Sibling relationship among the Rizal children was affection- ately cordial. As a little boy, Rizal used to play games With his sisters. Although he had boyish quarrels with them he respected them. Years later when he grew to manhood, he always called them Dona or Senora (if married) and Senorita (if single). For instance, he called his older sister "Dona Ypia," his oldest sister "Senora Saturnina," and his unmarried sisters "Senorita Josefa" and "Senorita Trinidad." Rinl's relation with his only brother Paciano, who was ten years his senior, was more than that of younger to older brother. Faciano was a second father to him. Throughout his life, Rizal respected him and greatly valued his sagacious advice. He immor- talized him in his first novel Noli Me Iüngere as the wise Pilosopo Ta»io. In a letter to Blumentritt, written in London on June 23, 1888, he regarded Paeiano as the "most noble of Filipinos" and •though an Indio, more generous and noble than all the Spaniards put together"4. And in a subsequent letter also written to Blumen- 4 tritt and dated London. October 12, 1888. he spqke of his beloved older brother, as follows: "He is much finer and morc serious than I am; he is bigger and more slim; he is not so dark; his nose is fine. beautiful and sharp; but he is bow-legged. Rizal's Ancestry. As a typical Filipino. Rizal was a product of the mixture of races. 6 In his veins flowed the blood of both East and West — Negrito, Indonesian, Malay. Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. Predominantly, he was a Malayan and was mag- nificent specimen of Asian manhood. Rizal's great-great grand- father on his father's side was Domingo Laméo, a immigrant from the Fukien city of Changchow. who arrived in Manila about 1690. He became a Christian, married a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa, and assumed in 1731 the surname Mercado which was appropriate for him because he was a merchant. Spanish term mercado means "market" in English. Domingo Mercado and Ines de la Rosa had a son, Francisco Mercado, who resided in Birv.n, married a Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila Bernacha, and was elected gobernadorcillo (municipal mayor) of the town. One of their sons, Juan Mercado (Rizal's grandfather), married Cirila Alejandro, a Chinese-Filipino mestiza. Like his father, he was elected governadorcillo of Binan. Capitan Juan and Capitana Cirila had thirteen children, the youngest being Francisco Mer- cado, Rizal's father. At the age of eight, Francisco Mercado lost his father and grew up to manhood under the care of his mÖther. He studied Latin and Philosophy in the College of San Jose in Manila. While studying in Manila, he met and fell in love with Teodora Alonso Realonda, a student in the College of Santa Rosa. •They v:ere married on June 28, 1848. after which they settled down in Calamba, where they engaged in farming and business and reared a big family. It is said that Dona Teodora's family descended from Lakan- Dula, the last native king of Tondo. Her great-grandfather (Rizal's maternal great-great-grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua (of Japanese ancestry), who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname unknown). Their daughter, Regina, married Manuel de Quintos, a Filipino-Chinese lawyer from Pangasinan. One of Ahe daughters of Attorney Ouintos and Regina was BrigiAa, who married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, a prominent Spanish-Filipino s.

NEAL: uæ WORKS mestizo of Bihan. neir children were Narcisa, TeÜra (Rizal's mother), Gregorio, Manuel, and Jose. Surnny Rizal. The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-great-grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a fun-blooded Chinese. Rizal's family acquired a second sur- name — Rizal — which was given by a Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was family friend. Thus said Dr. Rizal, in his letter to Blumentritt (without date or place):' I am the only Rizal because at home my parents, my sisters, my brother, and my relatives have always preferred our old surname Mercado. Our family name was in fact Mercado, but there were many Mercados in the Philippines who are not related to us. It is said that an alcalde mayor, Who was a friend of our family added Rizal to our name. My family did not pay much attention to this, but now I have to use it. In this way, it seems that I am an illegitimate "Whoever that Spanish alcalde mayor was," commented Ambassador Leon Ma. Guerrero, distinguished Rizalist and diplomat, "his choice was prophetic for Rizal in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still sprouts again. The Rizal Home. Ihe house of the Rizal family, where the hero was tx»rn, was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during Spanish times. It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe Stones and and roofed with red tiles. It is descritk.d by Dr. Rafael Palma, one of Rizal's prestigious biographers, as follows:9 The house was high and even sumptuous, a solid and massive earthquake-prcx)f Structure With Sliding shell Win- dows. Thick walls Of lime and Stone bounded the first fltxr; the floor was made entirely of wood except for the roof, which was of red tile, in the style of the buildings in Manila at that time . At the back there was an azotea and a wide, deep cistern to hold rain water for home use. Behind the house were the yard full of turkeys and chickens and a big garden of tropical fruit trees — atis, balimbing, Chico, macopa, papya, santol, tampoy, etc. 6 It was a hany home where parental affection and children's laughter reigned. By day, it hummed with the noises of children at play and the songs of the birds in the garden. By night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers. Such a Wholesome home. naturally, bred a wholesome family. And such a family was the Rizal family. A and Middle-Claß Family. 'Ihe Rizal family t*longed to the principalia, a town in Spanish Philippines. It was one Of the distinguished families in Calamba. By dint Of honest and hard work and frugal living, Rizal's parents were able to live well. From the farms, which were rented from the Dominican Order , they harvested rice, corn, and sugarcane. ney raised pigs, chickens, and turkeys in their backyard. In addition to farming and stockraising, Doia Teodora managed a general goods store and operated a small flour-mill and a home-made ham press. As evidence of their affluence, Rizal's parents were able to build a large stone house which was situated near the town church and to buy another one. They owned a carriage, which was a status symtx»l Of the ilustrados in Spanish Philippines and a private library (the largest in Calamba) which consisted of more than 1 volumes. Ihey sent their children to the colleges in Manila. Combining affluence and culture, hospitality and courtesy, they participated prominently in ali and religious affairs in the community. They were gracious hosts to all visitors and guests — friars, Spanish officials, and Filipino friends — dur- ing the town fiestas and other holidays. Beneath their roof, all guests irrespective of their color, rank, scy:ial position, and economic status, were welcome. Home Life of the Rizals. Rizal family had a simple, contented, and happy life. In consonance with Filipino custom, family ties among the Rizals were intimately close. Don Francisco and Doha Teodora loved their children, but they never SIX)iled them. •niey were strict parents and they trained their children to love Gcxi, to well, to obedient, and to respect people, especially the old folks. Whenever the children, including Jose Rizal, got into mischief, they were given a sound spanking- Evidently , they in the maxim: "Spare the and smil the child..

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS ANO WRITINGS Every day the Rizals and children) heard Mass in tir town church, particularly during Sundays and Christian holi_ days. ney prayed together daily at home — the Angelus at sunset and the Rosary before retiring to bed at night. After the family prayers, all the children kissed the hands of their parents. Life was not, however. all prayers and church seivices for the Rizal children. They were given ample time and freedom tn play by their strict and religious parents. They played merrily in the azolea or in the garden by themselves. The older ones were allowed to play with the children of other families. Chapter 2 Childhood Years in Calamba Jose kizal had many beautiful memories of childhcxxl in his native town. He grew up in a happy home, ruled by parents, bubbling with joy, and sanctified by God's blessings. His natal town of Calamba, so named after a big native jar, was a fitting cra- die for a hero. Its scenic beauties and its industrious, hospitable, and friendly folks impressed him during his years and profoundly affected his mind and character. ne happiest period of Rizal's lifé was spent in this lakeshore town, a worthy prelude to his Hamlet-like tragic manhood Calamba, the Hero's Town. Calamba was an hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order , which also owned all the lands aroupd it. It is a picturesque town nestling on a verdant plain covered with irrigated ricefields and sugar-lands. A few kilometers to the south looms the legendary Mount Makiling in somnolent grandeur, and beyond this mountain is the province of Batangas. East of the town is the Laguna de Bay, an inland lake of songs and emerald waters beneath the canopy of azure skies. In the middle of the lake towers the storied island of Talim, and it towards the north is the distant Antipolo, famous mountain shrine of the miraculous Lady of Peace and Voyage. Rizal loved Calamba with all his heart and soul. In 1876, when he was 15 years old and was a student in the Ateneo de Manila, he rememtrred his town. Accordingly, he wrote a Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town), as follows: When early childhood's happy days In memory I see once more Along tir lovely verdant shore 9.

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS AND That meets a gently murmuring sea; When I recall the whisper soft Of zephyrs dancing dn my brow With cooling sweetness, even now New luscious life is in me. When I behold the lily white That sways to do the Wind's command, While gently on the sand ne Stormy water rests awhile; When from the flowers there softly breathes A bouquet ravishingly sweet, Out•vxnared the newborn dawn to meet, As on us she begins to smile. With sadness I recall... recall Thy face , in precious infancy, Oh mother, friend most dear to me, Who gave to life a wondrous charm. I yet a village plain, My joy, my family, my Besides the freshly cool lagoon, — The for which my heart beats warm. Ah yes! my footsteps insecure In your dark forests deeply sank; And there by every river's bank I found refreshment and delight; Within that rustic temple prayed With childhocx]'s simple faith unfeigned While cooling breezes, pure, unstained, Would send my heart on rapturous flight. I saw the Maker in the grandeur Of your ancient hoary Ah, never in your refuge could mortal by regret smitten; And while upon your sky of blue I gaze. love nor tenderness Could fail, for here on nature's dress My happiness itself Was Written. Ah. tender childhmd, lovely town. Rich fount Of my felicities , Oh those harmonious melodies Which put to flight all dismal hours. Come back to my heart once more! 10 Come back , gentle hours, I yearn! Come back as the birds return, At the budding Of the flowers! Alas. farewell! Eternal vigil I keep For thy peace, thy bliss, and tranquility, O Genius Of good, so kind! Give me these gifts, with charity. To thee are my fervent vows, — TO thec I ceaw not to sigh These to learn, and I call to the sky To have thy sincerity. Earliest Childhood Memories. 'Ihe first memory of Rizal. in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was three years old. Because he was a frail, sickly, and undersized child, he was given the tenderest care by his parents. His father built a little nimi cottage in the garden for him to play in the day time. A kind old woman was employed as an aya (nurse maid) to lcx)k after his comfort. At times, he was left alone to muse on the of nature or to play by himself. In his memoirs, he narrated how he, at the age of three, watched from his garden cottage, the culiauan, the maya, the maria capra, the martin, the pipit, and other birds and listened "with wonder and joy" to their twilight songs. Another memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus. With nostalgic feeling, he also remembered the happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the nightly Rosary. The aya related to the Rizal children (including Jose) many stories atxyut the fairies; tales of buried treasure and trees blcxirning with diamonds, and other fabulous stories. The imaginary tales told by the aya aroused in Rizal an enduring interest in legends and folklore. when he did not like to take his , the aya would threaten him that the asuang, the nun0, the tigbalang, or a terrible trarded turbaned Bombay would come to take him away if he would not eat his supsrr. Another memory of his infancy was the ncrturnal walk in town, especially when there was a aya him for a walk in the mcxmlight by the river , where the trees cast grotesq'E 11.

Gadows the bank. Recounting this childhocxi exrrrience in his stu&nt Rizal wrote: "Thus my heart fed on sombre and melancholic thoughts so that even while still a child. I already wan. dered on wings of fantasy in the high regions of the unknown. "2 Hero's Fü•st The Rizal children were bound together by ties of love and companionship. ney were well-bred, for their snrents taught them to love and help one another. Of his sisters , Jose loved most the little Concha (Concerxion). He was a year oldcr than Concha. He played with her and from her he icarned tir of sisterly love. Unfortunately. Concha died of sickness in 1865 when she was only three years old. Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly at losing her. "When I was four years old." he said, "I lost my little sister Concha. and then for the first time I shed tears caused by love and grief... death of little Concha brought him his first A Of a Catholic Clan , bred in a wholegmne atmosphere of Catholicism, and gd Of an intxyn pious spirit, Rizal grew up a Catholic. At the age of three. Ergan to take in the fanily prayers. His mother. who was a devout Catholic. taught him the Catholic When he was five years old , he was able to reul haltingly the Spanish family Bible. He loved to go to church, to pray, to take part in novenas, am] It is said that he was so seriously devout that he was laughingly called Manong Jose by the Her- Her— Tert-eras. Onc of tlr men he esteemed and regrcted in Calamba during his tx:yytuxxj was the scholarly Father Leoncio town He to viit this learned Filipino priest and listen to his stimulating oriniom on current events and sound philou»phy of On June 6, Jose and hisbther left Calamba to go a pilgrimage to Antirx»lo, in order to fulfill n« Ecompny them krcaux she had given birth to It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de Bay and his first pilgrimage to AntiiX110. He and his father in a casco (barge). He was thrilled. as a typical should. by his first lake voyage. He did not sleep the whole night as the casco sailed towards the Pasig River trcaug he was awed by "the magnificence of the watery expanse and the silence of the night." Writing many years later of this exrxrience, he said: "With what pleasure I saw the sunrise; for the first time I saw how the luminous rays shone. producing a bril- liant effect oil the ruffled surface of the wide lake. After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. It was the first time Jose saw Manila. They visited Satumina. who was then a tx»arding student at La Concordia College in Santa Ana. The Story or the Moth. Of the stories told by Doha Teodora to her favorite son , Jose. hat of the young moth made the profoun- dest impression on him. Speaking of this incident, Rizal wrote: ' One night. all the family. except my mother and myself. went to early. Why. I do not know. but we two remained sitting alone. candles had already put out. They had been blown out in their glotrs by means Of a curved tutr Of tim nat tutr remed to me the finest plaything in the world. was dimly lighted by a single light of CCXOnut oil, In all Filipino 'Kyrnes scrh a light burns through tix niÖt. It out just Ly-break to awaken people by its spluttering. My mother was tc,E2üng me to read in a rea&.r called Friend— (El Amigo de Nihos). Was quite a rare and an Old copy. It had its cover my sister had cleverly maik new fastcrrd a sheet of thick over it with a piece Of ck*h. ni*t my •ith read _ I did tX't understand Spanish and I could read Vith expreuön. Shc tCX'k thc First drawing funny told me to listen and she trgan to read. •t read very well She recite well. tcx). Many times , my corrected my muk 13.

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS to her, full of childish enthusiasm. 1 marvelled at the Ilia-sounding phrags w hl she read so easily stopped me at every breath. perhaps 1 grew tired of listening to sounds that had no meaning for me. Perhaps I lacked self-control. Anyway, 1 paid attention to the reading. 1 was watching the cheerful name. About it, some little moths were circling in playful flights. By chance, tcx', I yawned. My mother soon noticed that I was not interested. She stopped reading. nen she said to me: "l am going to read you a very pretty story. Now pay atten " On hearing the word 'story' I at once opened my eyes Vide. The word •story' promised something new and wonder. ful. I watched my mother While she turned the leaves Of the as if she were I«'king for something. Then I settled down to listen. I was full of curiosity and wonder. I had never even dreamed that there were stories in the Old book which I read without understanding. My mother began to read me the fable Of the young moth and the Old one. She translated it into Tagalog a little at a time. My attention increased from the first sentence. I looked toward the light and fixed my gaze on the moths which were circling around it. story could not have been better timed. My mother reirated the warning Of the old moth. She dwelt upon it and directed it to me. I heard her, buSit is a curious thing that the light seemed to me each time more beautiful, the name more attractive. I really envied the fortune Of the insects. They frolicked joyously in its enchanting splendor that the ones Which had fallen and been drowned in the oil did not catße me any dread. My mother kept on reading and I listened breathlessly. •me fate of the two insects interested me greatly. The name rolled its golden tongue to one side and a moth Which this movement had singed fell into the Oil, fluttered for a time and then became quiet. That became for me a great event. A curi- ous change came over me which I have always noticed in myself whenever anything has stirred my feelings. The name and the moth seemed to go farther away and my mother's words sounded strange and uncanny I did not notice when she en&d the fable. All my atteption was fixed On the face Of the insect. I watåeditwithrtiy€bolesoul. . . Ithaddiedamartyr to its illusiom. In As she me to bed, my rnc*her said: "See that you do not behave like the young moth. Don't disobedient , or you may get burnt as it did. " I do not know whether I answered or ne Story revealed to me things until then unknown. Moths no longer were, for me, insignificant insects. Moths talked; they knew how to warn. ney advised just liked my mother. The light seemed to me more twautiful. It had grown more dazzling and more attractive. I knew why the moths cir- cled the flame. The tragic fate of the youngnoth, which "died a martyr to its illusions," left a deep impress on Rizal's mind. He justified such noble death, asserting that "to sacrifice one's life for it," meaning for an ideal, is "worthwhile." And, like that young moth, he was fated to die as a martyr for a noble ideal. Artistic Talents. Since early childhood Rizal revealed his God-given talent for art. At the age of five, he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects which attracted his fancy. It is said that one day, when Jose was a mere boy in Calamba, a religious banner which was always used during the fiesta was spoiled. Upon the request of the town mayor, he painted in oil col- Ors a new banner that delighted the town folks because it was better than the original one. Jose had the soul of a genuine artist. Rather an introvertchild , with a skinny physique and sad dark eyes, he found great joy look- ing at the blooming flowers , the ripening fruits, the dancing waves of the lake, and the milky clouds in the sky; and listening to the songs of the birds, the chirpings of the cicadas, and the murmurings of the breezes. He loved to ride on a spirited which his father bought for him and take long walks in the meadows and lakeshore with his black dog named Usman. One interesting anecdote about Rizal was the incident about his clay and wax images. One day when he was about six years old his sisters laughed at him for spending so much time making those images rather than participating in their games. He kept silent as they laughed with childish glee. But as they were departing, he told them: " All right laugh at me now ! *yrneday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me!".

ANO Aside from his sketchingandseulpturing a God-given gift for literature. Since early boyhood he had scribbled verses on loose sheets of and on the textbooks ofhis sisters. His mother, who was a lover of ture. noticed his inclination and encouraged him to write At the age of eignt, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native petry. language .entitled sa Aki,tg Mga Kabab-ata (To My Fellow Chil. dren), as follows: 6 TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN Whenever pecTIe Of a country truly love •The language which by heav'n they were taught to use That country also surely liberty pursue As thc bird Which so.•rs to freer For language is the final judge and referee Upon the Fople in thc land where it holds sway; In truth our human race resembles in this way Other living beings born in lit%rty. Wh(rver knows not how to love his native tongue Is worg than any beast or evil smelling fish. TO make our language richer ought to our wish The same as any mother loves to feed her ymmg. Tagalog and the Latin language are the same And English and Castilian and the angels• tongue; And God. watchful care o'er all is flung, Has given us His blessing in the SIEech we claim. Our mother tongue, like all the highest that wc know Had alphabet and letters of its very own; But these were — by furious waves were overthrown Like bancas in the Stormy sea, long years ago. This pern reveals Rizal's earliest nationalist sentiment. In verses, he proudly prcwlaimed that a who truly love their native language will surely strive for liberty like "the bird which soars to freer space atx»ve" and that Tagalog is the equal of Latin. English, Spanish, and any other language. Dram. by Rizal. After writing the rxrrn To My Fellow Children, Rizal, who was then eight years old, wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy. It is said that it 16 was staFd in a Calamba festival and was delightfully applau&d by the audience. A gobernadorcillo from Paete. a town in Laguna famous for lanzones and wcxidcarvings, haprwned to witness the comedy and liked it so much that he purchased the manuscript for two and brought it to his home town. It was staged in Paete during its town fiesta. Rizal as Boy Magician. Since early Rizal had t*en interested in magic. With his dexterous hands, he learned various tricks, such as making a coin appear or disappear in his fingers and making a handkerchief vanish in thin air. He entertained his town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions. ms consisted of an ordinary lamp casting its shadow on a white screen. He twisted his supple fingers into fantastic making their enlarged shadows on the screen resemble certain animals and Errsons. He also gained skill in manipulating marionettes (puppet shows). In later years when he attained manhood. he continued his keen predilection for magic. He read many txx»ks on magic and attended the performances of the famous magicians of the world. In Chapter XVII and XVIII of his second novel, El Filibusterismo (Trea"'n), he revealed his wide knowledge of magic. Lakeshore Reveries. During the twilight hours of summer- time Rizal, accompanied by his pet dog, used to meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay on the sad conditions of his oppreswd people. Years later, he related: 7 I SIXnt many, many hours of my childhexxl down on the shore Of the lake, Laguna de Bay. I was thinking of What was I was dreaming Of what might over on thc Other side Of the waves. Almost every day, in our town, we saw the Guardia Civil lieutenant caning and injur- ing some unarmed and inoffensive villagers. •nue villager's only fault was that while at a distance hc had not taken off his hat and made his alcalde treated thc villagers in the same Way whenever he visited us. We saw no restraint put upon brutality. Acts Of violen•x I asked myself and Other excesses were committed daily . if, in the lands Which lay across the lake. the in this same way. I wondered if there they tortured any countryman With hard and cruel Whirs merely on suspicion..

or&r to in Face. would one have to britx tyrants? Ymmg was, grieved &eply over the situation of his trloved fatherland. ne Spanish awakened in his t»yi.sh heart a great determination to fiøt tyranny. When he trcarne a man. many years later, he to his friend. Mariano Ponce: "In view of these injustices and cnrlt:ies, although' yet a child. my imagination was and I made a vow dedicating sonwday to avenge many victims. With this idea in my mind, I studied, and this is sen tn all my writings. Someday Gmi will give me the to fulfill my promise. Hero's On the night Jose Rizal born, other children were tK)rn in Calamba hundreds of other children were also torn all over the Philippines. But why is it that out of all these children, only one t-x»y— JOSE RIZAL — rose to fame and greatness? In the lives of all men there are influences which some to great and others not. In the case of Rizal, he all the favorable innuences, few other children in his enjoyed. nese influences were the following: (1) hereditary influence, (2) environmental influence. and (3) aid of Divirr Providence. l. Hereditary Influence: According to biological science. there are inherent qualities which a inherits from his ancestors and parents. From his Malayan ancestors, Rizal. evi- dently, inherited his love for freedom, his innate desire to travel, and his indomitable courage. From his Chinese ancestors. he derived his serious nature, frugality. and love children. From his Spanish ancestors. he got his elegance of bearing. sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to ladies. From his father. he inherited a profound sense of self-respect, the love for work, and the habit of independent thinking. And from his mother. he inherited his religious nature, the spirit of self-sae ritice. and the passion for arts and literature. 2, Environmental Influence: According to psychologists, environment. as well as heredity, affects the nature of a person. Environmental influence includes places. associates, and events. The swnic trauties of Calamba and the beautiful garden Of the Rizal family stimulated the int»rn artistic and literary talents of Rizal, The religious atmosphere at his home fortified his religious nature. His brother. Paciano, instilled in his mind the love for freedom and justice. From his sisters. he learned to courteous and kind to women. Ihe fairy tales told by his aya during his early awakened his Olterest in folklore and His three urr:les. brotirrs of his mother, exerted a gcxxi influence him. Tio Jose Alberto, who had studied for eleven years in a British schex»l iri Calcutta. India. and had traveled in Eurosx inspired him to develop his artistic ability. Tio Manuel. a husky and athletic man, encouraged him to develop his frail by means of physical exercises. including horu riding. walking. and wrestling. And Tio Gregorio. a lover. inten- his voracious reading of gcu»d bc»ks. Father Leoncio the old and learned parish priest of Calamba, fostered Rizal's love for scholarship and intellectual The sorrows in his family. such as the death of Concha in and the imprisonment of his mother in 1871-74. contributed to strengthen his character, enabling him to resist blows of adversity in later years. The Spanish abuses and cruelties which he in his tx»yhocxl. such as the brutal acts of the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and the alcalde. the unjust tortures inflicted on inncxent Filipinos, and thc execution of Fathers Gomez. Burgos. and Zamora in 1872, awakened his spirit of patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his life and talents to redeem his oppressed people. 3. Aid of Divine Providence: Greater than heredity and environment in the fate of man is the aid of Divine Provicknce. A vxrson may have everything in life — brains. wealth, and — but. Without the aid Of Divine Providence. he cannot attain greatness in the annals of the nation. Rizal was providen• tially destined to the pride and glory of his nation. Gc.xi had endowed him with the versatile gifts of a genius, thc vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the valiant heart to sacrifice for a öle eau*. 19.

Chapter 3 Early Education in Calamba and Biian Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Binan. It was a typical schooling that a son of an ilusrado family during his time. characterized by the four R •s — reading. Writing, arithmetic, and religion. Instruction was rigid and strict. Know. ledge was forced into the minds of the pupils by means of the tedius memory method aided by the teacher's whip. Despite the defects of the Spanish system of elementary education, Rizal was able to acquire the necessary instruction preparatory for college work in Manila gnd abroad. It may be said that Rizal. who was txyrn a physkal •vakling, rose to become an giant not because of, but rather in spite of, the outmoded and backward system of instruction obtaining in the Philippines during last decades of Spanish regime. Hero's First Teacher. The first teacher Of Rizal was his mother, who was a remarkable woman of good character and fine culture. On her lap, learned at the age of three the alphatkt and the prayers. "My mother," wrote Rizal in his student memoirs, "taught me how to read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I raised fervently to God. "l As a tutor, Dona Teodora was patient, conscientious: and ur&ßtanding. It was she who first disa»vered that her son had a talent for poetry. she encouraged him to write rxrms. To lighten the monotony of memorizing the ABCs and to stimulate her Mya's imagination, she related many stories. As Jose grew older, his parents employed private tutors to bee him at home. The first was Maestro Celestino and the *cond. Maestro Lucas Padua. Later, an old man Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal's father. became the boy's tutor. This old teacher lived at the Rizal home and instructed in Spanish and Latin. Unfortunately. he did not live long. He died five months later. Atter Monroy's death. the hero's parents decided to gnd their gifted son to a private in Binan. G«.s to Binan. One Sunday afternoon in June, 1869. Jose, after kissing the hands of his parents and a tearful parting from his sisters. left Calamba for Birian. He was accompanied by Paciano, who acted as his second father. The two brothers in a carromata, reaching their destination after one and one-half hours' drive. They proceeded to their aunt's house, where Jose was to lodge. It was almost night when they arrived. and the moon was about to rise. That same night. Jose, with his cousin named Leandro. went sightseeing in the town. Instead of enjoying the sights, Jose became depressed because of homesickness. "In the moonlight," hc recounted, "I remembered my home town, my idolized mother, and my solicitous sisters. Ah, how su•eet to me was Calamba. my own town. in spite of the fact, that it was not as wealthy as Birian.-2 First Day in Binan The next morning (Monday) Paciano brought his younger brother to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. •me school was in the house of the teacher, which was a small nipa hut about 30 meters from the home of Jose•s aunt. Paciano knew the teacher quite well because he had tren a pupil under him before. He introduced Jose to the teacher. after which he departed to return to Calamba. Immediately, Jose was assigned his seat in the class. teacher asked him: "Do you know Spanish?" "A little, sir," replied the Calmnba lad. "Do you know Latin?" "A little, sir." 21.

Tve in the clas, Pedro. the teacher's laughed at Jog's answers. Ihe texher sharply stopped all noise and trgan the ot thc day. Jose dexribed his teacher in Binan as follows: "He tall, thin, long-necked. with a sharp nosc and a txxly slightly t*nt forward. and he used to wear a sinamay shirt. Woven by the skilled hands of the women of Batangas. He knew by heart the grammars by Nebrija and Gainza. Add to this his severity. that in my judgment was exaggerated. and you have a picture Frhr vague. that I have made of him, but remember only: First Brawl. In the afterncx»n of his first day in when the teacher was having his siesta. Jose met the bully. Pedro. He was angry at this bully for making fun of him during his conversation with the texher in the nuyrning. Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter readily accepted. thinking that could easily beat the Calamba boy who smaller and younger. ne two tus wrestled furiously in the much to the glee of their classmates. Jose, hasing learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Pio Manuel. defeated the bigger boy. For this feat. he became popular among his classmates. After the class in the afternoon, a classmate named Andres Salandanan challenged him to an arm-wrestling match. ney went to .a sidewalk of a house and wrestlcd with their arms Jose, having the weaker arm. and nearly cracked his head on the sidewalk. In succeeding days he had other fights with the tx»ys of Binan. He was not quarrelsome by nature. but hc never ran away from a fight. Painting Lessons in Binan. Near the school was the house of an Old painter. called Who was lhe father-in-law of the school teacher. Jose, lured by his love for painting. spent many leisure hours at the painter's studio. Old Juancho freely gave him lessons In drawing and painting. He was impressed by tlr artistic talent ot the Calamba lad 22 and his clasgnate. Guevarra, who also loved painting, became apprentices of the old painter. They improved their art, so that in due time they trcarne —the favorite painters Of the class". Ihily Life in Binan. Jose led a methodical life in Binan, Spartan in simplicity. Such a life contributed much to his future development. It strengthened his body and soul. Scraking of his daily life in Bihan, he recorded in his Here was my life. I heard the four o'clock Mass. if any. or I studied my lesson at that hour and I went to Mass afterwards. I returned home and I went to the orchard to for a mabolo to eat. I breakfast. Which consisted generally Of a dish Of rice and two small fish. and I went to class from '-fich I came out at ten O'clcxk. I went home at once. If there was Leamiro and tu»k ot it to the house of his children (Which I never did at home nor would I ever it). I without saying a word. I ate with them afterwards I studied. I went to sch«XiI at two am' at five. prayed a short while with nice cousins and I returned home. I studied my lesson. I drew a little. I tKX»k my supTkr consisting Of one or two dishes of rice with an ayungin. We pray•ed and if there was a my nieces invited me to play in the Street together With Others. Thank God that I never got sick away from my Stu&nt in In academic studies. Jose beat all Binan boys. He surpassed them all in Spanish, Latin, and ottrt of his older classmates were jealous of his intelleetual sußriority. They wickedly squealed to the teacher whenever Jose had a fight outside the s-€hcx»l. and even told lies to discredit him trfore the teacher's eyes. Consequently the teacher had to punish Jose. Thus Rizal said that "in spite of the reputation had of a gocxl boy, the day was unusual when I was laid out on a and given five or sii blows. of Binan Before the Christmas season in 1870. received a letter from his sister Saturnina. informi4 23.

years am] a hatf until Manda A— ot alle.ßd thb Rial m h" stu&nt menum: "Our nottwr was un— away from and by By fneo& we treated as honored guests. later that our sick, far frcm us at age. My nothcr was by Manila. She finally to acquitted and eyes ot her Judges. and even After two a hau 26 Chapter 4 Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877) •her of Gan-Bur•Z.a and with tn pri«'n. had yet celebrated NrtMay. was to Manila. He studied in the . a un&r the sucrrvision the •as a bitter rival of Dominican-owned Jun Letran. It was formerly the Escuela Pia a in Manila which was by city government in 1817. When the Jesuits. exFlied the Phil#ncs in returtwd to in were given the management oi thc name was changed to Aeneo Municipal. and the de Manila. ney were splendid &cators. that Ateneo acquired prestige as an excellent Ate.eo. On June 10. 1872 Jose. by Pnuno. went to Manila. He tex»k thc entrance examinatioru on Q.nstian arithmetic, and reading at the College of Juan I-ctran. and passed them. He returned to Calarnl* to stay a few days with his family and to attend the town fiesta. His father. who first wished him to study at Letran. his mind and decided to send him to Ateneo instead. 11tus. uB»n his return to Manila, Jose, again accompanid by Pacino, matriculated at the Ateneo MunicipaV At first. Father Magin Ferrando. who was the college registrar, refusd to admit him for two reasons: (l) he was late Ior registration and (2) he was sickly and undersizedfor his age. Rizal was thea eleven years old. However, the intercession of Manwl.

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS students were playing or gossiping. He paid three cwsos for extra Spanish lessons, it was money well svEnt. In the second half of his first year in the Ateneo, Rizal did not try hard enough to retain his academic supremacy which he held during the first half of the term. This was because he resented some remarks of his professor. He placed second at the end of the year, although all his grades were still *Excellent". Summer Vacation (1873). At the end of the scbl year in March, 1873, Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacati,h. He did not particularly enjoy his vacation because his mother was in prison. To cheer him up, his sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan with her. This did not cure•his melan- choly. Without telling his father, he went to Santa Cruz and viGted his mother in prison. He told her of his brilliant grade at the Ateneo. She gladly her favorite son. When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in the Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow named Doha Pepay, who had a widowed daughter and four sons. Year in Ateneo (1873-14). Nothing unusual happened to Rizal during his second term in the Ateneo, except that he repented having neglected his studies the previous year simply because he was offended by the teacher's remarks. So, to regain his lost class leadership, he studied harder. Once more he "emperor". .%me of his classmates were new. Among them were three boys from Biian, who had his classmates in the scluX)l of Maestro Justiniano. At the end of the schcx»l year , Rizal excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal. With such scholastic honors, he triumphantly to Calamba in March, 1874 for the summer vacati(m. Prophecy or Mother's Rizal lost no time in going to Santa Cruz in order to visit his mother in the provincialjail• He cheered up Doria Teodora's lonely heart with news of his At 11872-1021 scholastic triumphs in Ateneo and with funny tales his professors and fellow students. The mother was very happy to know that her favorite child was making such splendid progress in college. In the course of their conversation, Dona Tecxiora told her son of her dream the previous night, Rizal, interpreting the dream, told her that she would released from prison in three month's time. Doia Tecxlora smiled, thinking that her son's prophecy was a mere boyish attempt to console her. But Rizal's prophecy became true. Barely three months passed, and suddenly Dona Teodora was set free. By that time, Rizal was already in Manila attending his classes at the Ateneo. Doia Teodora, happily back in Calamba, was even more proud of her son Jose whom she likened to the youthful Joseph in the Bible in his ability to interpret dreams. Teenage Interet in Reading. It was during the summer vacation in 1874 in Calamba when Rizal began to take interest in reading romantic novels. As a normal teenager, he became interested in love stories and romantic tales. The first favorite novel of Rizal was The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas. This thrilling novel made a deep impression on him. His imagination was stirred by the sufferings of Edmond Dantes (the hero) in prison, his siRctacular from the dungeon of Chateau d'If, his finding a buried treasure on the nwky island of Monte Cristo, and his dramatic revenge on his enemies who had wronged him. Rizal read numerous other romantic novels with deep interest. reading habit helped to enrich his fecund mind. As a voracious reader, he read not only fiction, but al*) non-fiction. He persuaded his father to buy him a costly set of Cesar Cantu's historical work entitled Universal History. Accord- ing to Rizal, this valuable work was of great aid in his studies and enabled him to win more prizes in Ateneo. Later Rizal read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859-1"). What impressed him in this tx:ok were (l) Jagor's keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization and (2) 31.

RIZAL: his prophecy that someday Spain would lose Philippines and that America would to her as colonizer. Third Year in Ateneo (1814-75). In June 1874, Rizal returned to the Ateneo for his junior year. Shortly after the opening of classes. his mother arrived and joyously told him that she was released from prison, just as he had predicted during his last visit to her prison cell in Santa Cruz. Laguna, He was happy. of course, to see his mother once more a free woman. However, despite the family happiness, Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies as in the previous year. His grades remained excellent in all subjects. but he won only one medal — in Latin. He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his srx)ken Spanish was not fluently sonorous. He was beaten by a Spaniard who, naturally. could SIXak Spanish with fluency and with right accentuation. At the end of the school year (March 1875). Rizal returned to Calamba for the summer vacation. He himself was not impre- ss«i by his scholastic work. Fourth Year in Ateneo (1815-76). After a refreshing and happy summer vacation, Rizal went back to Manila for his fourth year course. On June 16, 1875, he became an interno in the Ateneo. One of his professors this time was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez a great educator and scholar. He inspired the young Rizal to study harder and to write poetry. He became an admirer and friend of the slender Calamba lad, Whose God-given genius he saw and on his part, the highest affection and respect for Father Sanchez, whom he considered his best professor in the Ateneo. In his student memoirs, Rizal wrote of Father Sanchez in glowing terms. showing his affection and gratitude. He described this Jesuit professor as "model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils". Inspired by Father Sanchez, Rizal resumed his studies with and zest. He topped all his classmates in au subjects and won five at the end of the school term. He returned to Calamba for his summer vacation (March 1876) and proudly Offered his five medals and excellent ratings to his parents. He was extremely happy. for he was able to repay his "father somewhat for his sacrifices". Last Year in Ateneo (1876-71). After the summer vacation. Rizal returned to Manila in June 1876 for his last year in the Ateneo. His studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact. he excelled in all subjects. Thc most brilliant Atenean of his time. he was truly "the pride of the Jesuits". Rizal finished his last year at the Ateneo in a blaze of glory. He obtained the highest grades in all subjects — philosophy. physics, biology. chemistry. languages. mineralogy, etc. Graduation With Highest Honors. Rizal graduated at the head of his class. His scholastic records at the Ateneo from 1872 to 1877 were as follows: 1872-1873 Arithmetic Latin I Spanish I Greek J Latin 2 . Spanish 2 Greek 2 Universal Geography 1874-1875 Latin 3 Spanish 3 . Greek 3 Universal History History of Spain and the Philippines Arithmetic & Algebra RIEtoric & Poetry French I Geometry & Trigonomäy 33.

RIZAL: WORKS 1816-1871 Philosophy I Mineralogy & Chemistry Philosophy 2 Excellent On Commerwement Day, March 23, 1877, Rizal, who was 16 years old, received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors. It was a proud day for his family. But to Rizal. like all graduates. Com. mencement Day was a time of bitter sweetness, a joy mellowed with B'ignancy. The night before graduation, his last night at the college dormitory. he could not sleep. Early the following morning, the day of graduation. he prayed fervently at the college chagxl and "commended my life," as he said. "to the Virgin that when I should step into that world, which inspired me with '0 much terror, she would protect me". Extra-curricular in Ateneo. Rizal, unsurpassed in academic triumphs. was not a mere bookworm. He was active in extra-curricular activities. An inside the he was a campus leader outside. He was an active member, later secretary, of a religious society, the Marian Congregation. He was accepted as merntrr of this gxiality not only becaus of his academic brilliance but al*) because of his devotion to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the college patroness. Rizal was also a member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural These "academies" were exclusive in the Ateneo, to which only Ateneans who were gifted in literature and sciences could qualify for In his leisure hours. Rizal cultivated his literary talent un&r the guidance of Father Sanchez. Another professor, Father Jose Vilacløra, advised him to stop communing with the Muses and more attentim to more practical studies, such as philosophy and natural sciences. Rizal did not heed his advice. He continued to solicit Father Sanchez's help in improving his poetry. Asi& from writing he devoted his spare time to fine arts. He studied painting under the famous Spanish painter, At Agustin Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculpior. art masters honored him with their affec- tion, for he was a talented pupil. Furthermore. Rizal, to devel(V his weak body. engaged in gymnastics and fencing. He thereby continued the physical train- ing he Irgan under his Tio Manuel. W«ks in Ateneo. Rizal impressed his Jesuit pro- fesM»rs in the Ateneo with his artistic skill. One day he carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine with his pocket-knife. The Jesuit fathers were amazed at the beauty and grace of the image. Father Lleonart, impressed by Rizal's sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Young Rizal complied, and within a few days he presented it to Father Lleonart.6 The old Jesuit was highly pleased and profusely thanked the teenage sculptor. He intended to take the image with him to Spain. but, being an absent-minded professor, he forgot to do so. The Ateneo boarding students placed it on the dcxsr of their dormitory, and therc it remained for many years, reminding all Ateneans of Dr. Rizal. the greatest alumnus of their Alma Mater. This image played a significant part in Rizal's last hours at Fort Santiago. Anecdotes Rizal, the Atenean. One of Rizal's contem- poraries in thc Ateneo was Felix M. Roxas. He related an incident of Rizal's schooldays in the Ateneo which reveals thc hero's resignation to pain and forgiveness. One day many Ate- neans, including Rizal, were studying their lessons at the study. hall. Two Ateneans. Manzano and Lesaca. quarreled and vio- lcntly hurled books at each other. Rizal, who was busy at his desk poring over his lessons. was hit in the face by one of thc thrown books He did not raise a cry of protest. although his wounded face was bleeding. His classmates brought him to the infirmary where he had to undergo medical treatment for several days, After the incident, he continued to attend his classes. feeling neither bitterness nor ranco'• towards the guilty party. Another anecdote on Rizai the Atenean was related by Manuel Xeres Burgos. in whose house Rizal t%jarded before he became an interno in the Ateneo. This anecdote.

ot Wanda which ia•ng, Juw. Rizal bc was reuhng to htm 't AEted to uv of &.ring 4. 4..

RIZAL2 WMKS , he felicitates his mother on her birthda expressing his filial affection in sonorous verses. It runs as MY FIRST INSPIRATION Why do the scented bowers In fragrant fray Rival each Other's flowers This festive day? Why is sweet melody bruited In the sylvan dale, Harmony sweet and fluted Like the nightingale? Why do the birds sing so In the tender grass, Flitting from bough to bough With the winds that pass? And why does the crystal spring Run among the flowers While lullaby zephyrs sing Like its crystal showers? I we the dawn in the East With beauty endowed. Why gcrs she to a feast In a carmine cloud? Sweet mother, they celebrate Your natal day The rose with her scent innate, The bird With his lay. The murmurous spring this day Without alloy, Murmuring bids you always TO live in joy. While the crystalline murmurs glisten, Hear you the accents strong Struck from my lyre, listen! To my love's first *Ing. 38 At Rizal's Poems Education. Although Rizal was merely a teenager, he had a very high regard for egucation. He believed in the significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation. Thus he stated in his pern.•l THROUGH EDUCATION OUR MOTHERIAND RECEIVES LIGHT vital breath of prudent Education Instills a virtue Of enchanting power; She lifts the motherland to highest station And endless dazzling glories on her And as the zephyr's gentle cahalation Revives the matrix Of the fragrant flower, So education multiplies her gifts of grace; With prudent hand imparts them to the human race. For her a mortal man Will gladly part With all he has; Will give his calm repose: For her are born all sciences and all arts. That brews Of men with laurel fair enclose. As from the towering mountain's lofty heart. The purest current Of the streamlet flows, so education Without stint or measure gives Security and to lands in which she lives. Where education reigns on lofty seat Youth blossoms forth with vigor and agility; His error subjugates with solid feet, And is exalted by conceptions Of nobility, She breaks the neck of vice and its deceit; Black crime turns pale at Her hostility; The barbarous nations She knows how to tame, From savages create heroic fame. And as the spring doth sustenance bestow On all the plants, on bushes in the mead, Its placid plenty goes to Overflow And endlessly with lavish love to feed banks by which it wanders. gliding slow, Supplying beauteous natures every need. So he who prudent Education doth. prexure The towering heights Of honor. will secure. 39.

Shan walk in joy and Toward the everywhere ne fragrant and luxuriant fruits of Virtue. Re5gW During his student days expressed his devotion to his Catholic faith in melcxiious One of the religious he wrote was a brief entitl« A1 MAO Jesus (To the Olild Jesus). It is as follows: 12 TO THE CHILD JESUS HOW. God-Child TO earth in cave forlorn? Does Fortune When Thou art carcely Who mortal keep Woulds't rather than *wereign *epherd Of Thy Sheep? This was written in 1875 when he was 14 years old. Another reliöous which he wrote was A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary). This is undated, that we do not know exactly when it was written. Probabl , Rizal wrote it after his to the auld Jesus. It runs as follows: TO THE VIRGIN MARY Dear Mary. giving comfort and sweet To all afflicted mortals; thou the spring Whence flows a current of relief. to bring Our soil fertility that does mt ceue; Urx•n thy throne. where thou dest high, Oh, list' with pity as I Weetul grieve And spread thy radiant mantle to receive My voice Which rises swiftly to the sky Placid Mary, thou my mother My Sustenance, my fortitude must And in this fearsome sea my way must Steer. If deprivation comes to buffet me, And if grim death in agony draws near, 0b, me, from anguish set me free. 42 While Rizal was Still a stu&nt at the Ateneo, his favorite teacher. Father Sanchez. requested him to write a drama based on the story ot St. Eustace Martyr. During the sumrner vacation of 1876, he wrote the requested religious drama in mxtic at his home in Calamba and finished it June 2. 1876 Upn c*ning of dazes at the Ateneo in June 1876 — his last aca&mic year at the Jesuit college — he submitted to Father Sanchez the finished manuscript of the drama entitled San Eusec.ü', Manir (St. Eustace, the Martyr). The gcxxl pnest- teactwr read it and felicitated the young Atenean for work well Romance of Shortly after his graduation from the Ateneo. Rizal, who was then years old. his first romance — "that painful experience which comes to nearly all adole«ents" girl was Segunda Katigbak. a pretty fourteen-year old Batanguena from Lipa. In Rizal's own words: "She was rather short, with eyes that were elcxpent and ardent at times and languid at others. rosy-cheeked, with an enchanting and smile that revealed very trautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph; her entire self diffused a mysterious charm. "14 One Sunday Rizal visited his maternal grandmother who lived in Trozo. Manila. He was accompanied by his friend, Mariano Katigbak. His old grandmother was a friend of the Katigbak family of Lipa. When he reached his grandmother's house, he saw other guests. One of whom was an attractive girl, who mysteriously caused his heart to palpitate with strange ecstasy. was the sister of his friend Mariano. and her name was Segunda. His guests, who were mostly college studenB. of his skill in painting. so that they urged him to draw Segunda's 1K)rtrait. He complied reluctantly and made a sketch of her. "From time to time," he reminisced later, "she lc»ked at me, and I blushed," IS Rizal came to know more intimately during his weekly visits to La Concordia College, where his sister Olimsi. was a tx»arding student. Olimpia was a close friend of Segunda. It was amyarent that Rizal and Segunda loved each other. •nwirs.

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS AND was indeed "a love at first sight". But it was hopeless Since the very begining because Segunda was already engaged to be mar. ried to her townmate, Manuel Luz. Rizal, for all his artistic and intellectual prowess, was a shy and timid lover. Segunda had manifested, by insinuation and deeds, her affection for him, but he timidly failed to propose. ne last time they talked to each other was one Thursday in December, 1877 when the Christmas vacation was about to begin. He visited Segunda at La Concordia College to say g.ocu bye because he was going home to Calamba the following day. She, on her part, told him she was also going home one day later. She kept quiet after her brief reply, waiting for him to say something which her heart was clamoring to hear. But Rizal failed to come up to her expectation. He couk only mumble: "Well, good-bye. Anyway — I'll see you when you pas Calamba on your way to Lipa." ne next day Rizal arrived by steamer in his hometown. ; mother did not recognize him at first, due to her failing eyesight. He was saddened to find out about his mother's growing blindness. His sisters gaily welcomed him, teasing him about Segunda, for they knew of his romance through Olimpia. That night he demonstrated his skill in fencing to his family. He had a friendly fencing bout with the best fencer in Calamba and bested him. following day (Saturday) he learned that the steamer carrying Segunda and her family would not anchor at Calamba trcause of the strong winds; it would stop in Birian. He saddled his white horse and waited at the road. A cavalcade of carromatas from Bioan passed by. In one of whom was Segunda smiling and waving her handkerchief at him. He doffed his hat and was tongue-tied to say anything. Her carriage rolled on and yanished in the like "a swift shadow". He returned home, dazed and deq»late, with his first romance "ruined by his own shyneg and reserve". ne first girl, whom he loved with ardent fervor, was to him forever. She returned to Lipa and later married Manuel Luz. He remained in Calamba, a frustrated lover, &rbhing MEta1gic memories of a Icht love. 44 At AWO nree years later, Rizal, recording his first and tragic romance, said: "Ended, at an early hour. my first love! My virgin heart will always mourn the reckless step it took on the flower-decked abyss. My illusions will return, yes, but indifferent, uncertain, ready for the first betrayal on the path of love. "16.

Chapter 5 Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) Fortunately, Rizal's tragic first romance, with its bitter dis. illusionment, did not adversely affect his studies in the University of Santo Tomas. After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-78), he transferred to the medical course. During the years of his medical studies in this university which was administered by the Dominicans, rival educators of the Jesuits, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where he continued to participate in extra-curricular activities and where he com. pleted the vocation course in surveying. As a Ihomasian, he won more literary laurels, had other romances with pretty girls, and fought against Spanish students who the brown Filipino students. Mother's to After graduating with the highest honors from the Ateneo, Rizal had to go to the University of Santo Tomas for higher studies. The Bachelor of Arts course during Spanish times was equivalent only to the high schcx»l and junior college courses today. It merely qualified its graduate to enter a university. Both Don Francisa» and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning in the university But Dona Te«xiora, who knew what happened to Gom-Bur-Za, vigorously omx»sed the idea and told her husband: "Don't send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head. Don Francisco kept quiet and told Paciano to his younger brother to Manila, despite their mother's tears. 46 At Th. O' smto J'%e Rizal hilmelf,was surprised why his mother, who was a wornan of education and culture. should object to his desire for a university education. Years later he wrote in his journal: "Did my mother Irrhaps have a foretxxiing of what would happen to me? a mother's heart really have a second sight?" Rizal Enters the University. In April 1877, Rizal who Was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and Letters. He enrolled in this course for two reasons: (1) his father liked it and (2) he was "still uncertain as to what career to pursue". He had written to Father Pablo Ramon, Rector of the Ateneo, who had been gcxxi to him during his student days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of a career. But the Father Rector was then in Mindanao so that he was unable to advise Rizal. Con- sequently, during his first-year term (1877-78) in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, The(xl- icy , and History of Philosophy. It was during the following term (1878-79) that Rizal, having rewived the Ateneo Rector's advice to study medicine. took up the medical course, enrolling simultaneously in the preparatory medical course and the regular first year medical course. Another reason why he chose medicine for a career was to be able to cure his mother's growing blindness. Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1818). During his first schcK): term in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-78), Rizal also studied in the Ateneo. He took the course leading to thg title of perito agrimensor surveyor). In those days, it should be remembered, the colleges for boys in Manila offered vOcational courses in agriculture, commerce, and surveying. Rizal, as usual, excelled in all subjects in the mrveying course in the Ateneo. obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography. At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course, but he could not granted the title as surveyor because he. was age. The tide issued to him on Novemtrr 25, 1881. Although Rizal was then a •nwmasian, he frequently visited the Ateneo. It was due not only to his surveying course. but.

Board Of , Of Wards. Was imp* by Rizal's pem and gave it the first prize which consisted silver and &orated With a gold Young Rizal was happy to Win the poetry contest. He sincerely crmgatulated by the Jesuits. egrcially his former fessors at the Ateneo, and by his friends and relatives. prize-winning A La Juventud Filipina (To filipino Youth). is an inspiring Of flawless form. In ite Rizal trseeched the youth to rise lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the wind and descend Vith art and ricoce to break the chains that have long the spirit of the people. This is as follows:' TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH -Grow. O Tnid Hold high the brow serer. O youth. where now stand. Let the bright sheen Of you seen. Fair hope of my fatherland! Come now, thou genius grand, And bring in*ratim; With thy mighty hand, Swifter than the volation, Raise the eager mind to higher statbn. Come with pleBing light Of art and science to the flight. O untie The chains that heavy lie. Your *rit free to See how in nami* Amid the shadows thrown. Spaniard's holy hand A 'Town's resplendent bark] Proffers to this Iulian Thou, Who now WINJdst On of emprise Softer than ambrosial Tbou, voice divine Rivals 's . And varied ThrouÖ night *nign Frees —tüty Bio. by Wakest thy nind to life; And Of thy Makes! irnmoltal in its strength. And thou , in accents clear Or by magic art Takes' from nature's "ore • To fix Go ta-th. fire Of thy genius to the laurel may To armmd the name, And in 'Wry xciaim, Through wi&r wheres human name. Day. O happy day, Fair thy the Power That in thy way This favor •inning Of Rizal is a in for two reasons: First, it Was the first great pem in Wsh written by a whose m•rit was recognized Spanish literary authorities, and secondy , it expresed for the nati«.alÄic concept that the and not the were the -fair hope of the Fattrrland-. •me c.u.c,u the (1m). Ibe ( the Artistic-Literary Lyceum OFned another literary contest to ctnrm«ate the f.Nrth centennial of the eath Cervntes..

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS AND Swnayaw ng turumba Puri sa Birken Maria In Pakil Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala, Vicenta Ybardolaza, who skillfully played the harp at Regalado home. From Pakil, Rinl and his party made a side trip to the neighboring town of Pagsanjan for two reasons it was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela, one of Rizal's girl friends in Manila, and to see the world famed Pagsanjan Falls. Years later Rizal mentioned the Turumba in Chapter VI of Noli Me Tangere and Pagsanjan Falls in his travel diary (United States — Saturday, May 12, 1888), where he said that Niagara Falls was the "greatest cascades I ever saw" but "not so beautiful nor fine as the falls at Los Banos, (sic) Pag*injan". Champion of Filipino Students. Rizal was the champion the Filipino students in their frequent fights against the arrogant Spanish students, who were often surpassed by the Filipinos in class work and who insultingly called their brown classmates — "Indio, chongo!" In retaliation, the Filipino students them "Kasrila, bangus!" Hostility these two groups of students often expltxied in angry street rumbles. Rizal participated in these student brawls. Owing to his skill in fencing, his prowess in wrestling, and his indomitable he distinguished himself in these student skirmishes. In 1880 he founded a secret uriety of Filipino students in the University of Santo Tomas called Companerismo (Camradeship), whose members were called "Companions of Jehu," after the valiant Hebrew general who fought the Armaeans and ruled the King• dom of Israel for 28 years (843-816 B.C.). He was the chief of this secret student society, with his cousin from Batangas, Galicano Apacible, as secretary. As chief, he led the Filipino students into combat against the Spanish students in variotß street fights. In one of the fierce encounters between the Filipino students and their pale-skinned detractors near the Escolta in Manila, Rizal was wounded on the head. His friends brought him bleeding and covered with dust to his boarding house, "Casa Tomasina". Leonor Rivera tenderly washed and dressed his wound. $4 Unhappy Days at the UST. Rizal. Ateneo•s tx)y wonder, found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas suffocat- ing to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because (l) the Dominican profes- sors were hostile to him, (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards, and (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. In his novel, El Filibtoterismo. he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by their Dominican pro- fessors and how backward the methcu_l of instruction was, cially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII, "The Class in Physics," that his science subject was taught without laboratory experiments. The microscope and other laboratory apparatuses were kept inside the Showcases to be seen by visitors, but the students could not even touch them. Because of the unfriendly attitude of his professors, Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of the Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic honors. Although his grades in the first year of the philosophy course were all "excellent," they were not impressive in the four years Of his medical course. His scholastic records in the University of Santo Tomas (1879-82) were as follows:10 1877-78 (Philosophy & Letters) Cosmology & "etaphysics Excellent Excellent The 'Klicy Excellent History of Philosophy 1878-1879 (Medicine) — 1st Year Physics Chemistry . Natural History Anatomy I Dissection I 1879-1880 (Medicine) — 2nd Year Anatomy 2 Dissection 2 . Physiology . . Private Hygiene Public Hygiene.

RIZAL: LIFE. — 3rd Year 10-1881 (Medicine) General Pathology Excellent n c rarxutiß 1881-1882 (Medicine) — 4th year Very Good Medical Pathology Very Good Surgical Pathology Very Good Obstetrics De&ion to Study Abroad. After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and tility in the University of Santo Tomas. His older brother readily approved his going to Spain and so did his two sisters Saturnina (Nencng) and Lucia, Uncle Antonio Rivera. the Valenzuela family, and some friends. For the first time. Rizal did not seek his parents' permission and blessings to go abroad, because he knew that they, especially his mother. would disapprove it. He did not bring his beloved Leonor into his confidence either. He had enough common sene to know that Leonor, being a woman, young and romantic at that, could not keep a secret. 'Illus Rizal's parents, Leonor, and the Spanish authorities knew nothing of his decision to go abroad in order to finish his medical studies in Spain, where thq profes- sors were more liberal than those of the University of Santo Tomas. so Chapter 6 In Sunny Spain (1882-1885) After finishing the 4th Year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas, Jose Rizal, being disgusted with the antiquated method ot instruction in this Dominican-owned uni- versity and the racial prejudice of Dominican profesM)rs against Filipino students, decided to complete his studies in Spain. At that time the government of Spain was a constitutional monarchy under a written constitution which granted human rights to the people, particularly freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. Aside from this ostensible reason. he had another reason, which was more important than merely completing his studies in Spain. This was his "secret mission," which many Rizalist biographers (including Austin Craig and Wenceslao E. Retana) never mention in their writings. Rizal's Secret This mission which Riml conceived with the approval of his older brother Paciano was to observe keenly the life and culture. languages and customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws of the Eurolxan nations in Order to prepare himself in the mighty task Of litrrating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny. This was in his farewell letter which was delivered to his parenb shortly after his departure for Spain. Aside from begging his parents' forgiveness for Philippines without their permission and blessings. said in this letter:' But as God has not made anything useleg in as all beings fulfill obligations Or a role in the drama Of Creation, I cannot exempt myself from this small though it be , I have a mi,ssion to fill..

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS AND WRITINGS alleviating the sufferings of my fellos'%men. I realize that all this means sacrificw, and terrible ones. I imagine the pain which I must give you, but I feel something that obliges and impels me to leave. I shall strive with fate, and I shall win or lose.. , Gds Will be done. This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated Manila, May 20. 1982, as follows:2 When the telegram informing us of your departure was received in Calamba, as it was natural. our parents were grieved. especially the Old man (Don Francisco — Z.) who became taciturn, always staying in bed. and weeping at night, and the consolation offered by the family, the curate, and strangers was Of no avail. He made me go to Manila to find out With what means you were able to undertake the voyage. On my return I assured them that your expenses Were defrayed by some friends of yours in Manila. hoping that this would calm him. Notwithstanding. he remained always sad. Seeing this and fearing that his taciturnity might degen- eratc into a malady, I told him everything, but to him alone, begging him to keep the secret and he promised to do so. Only since then have I seen him a little gay and return to his usual ways. •This is what occurred in the family. It is said here that you Will finish thc medical course in Barcelona and not at Madrid. To me the principal purpose of your departure is not to finish this course but to study Other things of greater usefulness or that to which you are more inclined. I think that you ought tostudy at Madrid. Secret Departure for Spain. Rizal's departure for Spain kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars. Even his own parents did not know because he knew they. especially his mother, would not allow him to go. Only his older brother (Paciano), his uncle (Antonio Rivera. father Of Leonor Rivera), his sisters (Neneng and Lucia), the Valenzuela family (Capitan Ouan and Capilano Sanday and their daughter Orang). Pedro A. Paterno. his compadre Mateo Evangelista• the Ateneo Jesuit fathers, and some intimate friends, including Chengoy (Jose Cecilio). The kind Jesuit priests gave him letters of reA)rnmendation to the members of their Society in Barcelona. He used the name Jose Mercado, a cousin from Binan In sunny his Secret departure, he wrote a farewell letter for his tRloved parents and another one for his sweetheart Leonor Rivera — delivered shortly after he sailed away. On May 3, 1882, Rizal departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora for Singapore. With tears in his eyes and gloom in his heart, he gazed at the receding skyline of Manila. He hastly took and pencil and sketched it as it vanished in view. Singapore. During the voyage to Singapore he carefully observed the people and things on board the steamer. There were_sixteen passengers, including himself — "five or six ladies, many children, and the rest gentlemen. He was the only Filipino, the rest were Spaniards, British, and Indian Negroes. The ship captain, Donato Lecha, from Asturias, Spain, befriended him. Rizal deicribed him in his travel diary as an affable man, "much more refined than his other countrymen and colleagues that I have met". He was, however, peeved by some Spaniards (his fellows passengers) who spoke ill of the Philippines, "to which they go for pecuniary reasons". To while away the tedious boredom of sea voyage. Rizal played chess with his fellow passengers who were much older than he. He defeated them many times, for he was a chess player. On May 8, 1882, while the steamer was approaching Singa- pore, Rizal saw a beautiful island. Fascinated by its scenic beauty, he remembered "Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga".4 The following day (May 9) the Salvadora at Singa- Rizal landed, registered at Hotel de la paz, and spent two days on a sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a colony oi England. He saw the famous Botanical Garden, the beautiful Buddhist temples. the busy shopping district, and the statue oi Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (founder of Singapore). From Singapore to Colombo. In Singapore Rizal to another ship Djemnah, a French steamer, which left for Europe on May 11. It was a larger and cleaner vessel which Carried more passengers. Among these passengers were Bfitish. French, Dutch, Spaniards. Malays, Siamese. and Filipinos (Mr. and Mrs. Salazar, Mr. Vicente Pardo, and Jose Rizal). s French 59.

it was a Fret*h @ority Of were French•srraking. to amverg With his fellow paSengers in French. to embarrassment he found out that his learned at the. Ate;eo could not be under-sum that had to Sß.ak in nured Spanish-Latin Supplemem« by much and sketching paper By daily with tir French passengers. he was able *ove kmvledge Of the French language, On May 17. the DÉmnah reactwd Point Galle, a town in Ceyk*l (now Sri Lanka). Rizal Was by this town. On his travel diary. he wrote: general of Poim Galle FtureNW but lonely and quiet and e - Küm•ing day the Diemnah weighed anchor and re. voya" the capital Of Ceylon. After few tours of sailing, she reached this city on the same Rizal enamoured by Colornt-o because Of its ekgant He delightfully scribbled on his diary txautiful. smart and elegant than Singa'Xre. Tr• Sm From Colombo, D". continued voyage crossing thc Indian Ocean to the C. Of Glnrdafui, Africa. For the first time. Rizal sighted the barre coast or Africa, which he called an -inhospitable land but At the next stopver — in Ackn — Rizal went a•wre to the Oghts. He the city, than Manill He amurd to re camels, for it the first lime he saw thc. animals. From Aden, the Djemnah to the city Suez, the Red Sea terminal Of the Suea Canal. Upon arrival •t Suez, Rizal disembarked and went sightseeing, like an ordinary tourist. What impressed him most Was the beautiful which reminded him of Calamba aml his family. It tlr Djemnah five days to traverse the Suez Can* Rizal thrilled txcause it was his first trip through this cani which was built by Ferdinand de Lesseps. (French diplomat- enØ1rer). It inaugurated on Novemtrr 17, At Pg"t Rizal to interesting sights. He farmated to the multi-r•cial 01 — Arat%. Egypuan. Greek. French, Itaban, Spanish. Naples Port said, thc Diem„ah cceded on Its vay to Euro'*. On June 11, Rial reached Naples TIIis Italian city pleased t.cause ot its activity. its lively Fople. and its panoranuc reauty He was fascinated by Mount the 01 Sl. Telm, and ottrr historic sights the city.' On the 12. steanxr •med at Frerxh hart»r Rizal. after backling farewell to his fellow. dixmbarked_ He vivted the famous Outeau dlf, wtrre D antes. hero of The Count of Mon" Crisro, was Impris- wirn he was a student at the Ateneo. He stayed and a half days in mry day Of his *'urn, Barcelona On the afternoon of Junc IS. Rital left Marseille by train last lap Of his trip to Spain. He crosxd thc Pyrenees and Stopvxd for a day at the frontier town of Port Bou Here he noticed the aca•rded by the Svmnish to tourists, in direct contrast with the cour• tesy 01 the immigration officers. After i.ction at Port-Bou, Rizal cmtinued his trip by rail. finally reaching his destination — Barcelona on June 16, 1882. Rizal's first impression of the greatest city of Cataluåa and Spain's second largest city, was unfavorable. He 'bought that it was ugly, with dirty little inm and inhospitable residents, trcau* he hapf*ncd to stay his arrival at a dingy inn situated on an unimpressive narrow street in the "town's ugly side" and the staff and guets in thb inn were indifferent to him. Later, he changed his impression and came to like the city- He found it to reany a great city, with OFn•hcarted, tuspitabk, and Courageous. He enjoyed prom- enading along Las Ramblas , the rn(ht Stret in Barcelona _.

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS AND WRITINGS Ille Filipinos in Barcelona, some of whom were his school. mates in the Ateneo, welcomed Rizal. Ihey gave him a party at their favorite cafe in Plaza de Catalufia. After the customary exchange of toasts, they told their guest "Of the attractions Barcelona and the customs of the Spanish people; in turndlk gave them the latest news and gossips in the Philippines. "Amor Patrio." In progressive Barcelona, Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country). his first article written on Spain's soil. He sent this article to his friend in Manila, Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog). Rizal's "Amor Patrio." under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. It was published in two texts — Spanish and Tagalog. The Spanish text was the one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona. The Tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by M.H. del Pilar. The article caused quite a sensation among the readers in the Philippines because of its nationalistic flavor. As in his prize-win. ning "Juventud Filipina. " Rizal in his "Amor Parrio" urged his compatriots to love their fatherland, the Philippines. Among other things, he wrote:s After the fashion of the ancient Hebrews Who offered in the temple the first fruits of their love, we in a foreign land, dedicate our first accounts to our country, enshrouded among the clouds and mists of morn. always beautiful and poetic. but ever more idolized in proportion as we are absent and away from it.. Under whatever aspect, whatever its name, we love her (patria) always just as the child loves its mother in the midst Of hunger and misery. And how strange! ne rx»orer and more miserable she is. the more We suffer for her, and the more She is idolized and adored; yes, there is real joy in suffering for her. . Child. we love play; adolescent, We forget it; youth, we seek our ideal: disillusioned. We weep and go in quest of something more positive and more useful; parent, the children die and time gradually erases our pain just as the air of the ga slowly effaces the shores as the boat departs from them. But, love of can never be effaced, once 62 In sunny span (1882-1%' it has entered the heart. because it carries in itself the divine Stamp that makes it eternal and imperishable. It has always been said that love is the most potent force behind the most sublime deeds; Very well. Of all loves, the loveof country is What produced the greatest, the most heroic, the most disinterested. Read history. publisher Basilio Teodoro Moran, deeply impressed by "Amor Patrio, " congratulated Rizal, and requested for more articles. In response to his request, Rizal wrote the second article for Diariong Tagalog entitled "Los Viajes" (Travels). His third article, entitled "Revisla de Madrid" (Review of Madrid), which he wrote in Madrid on November 29, 1882, was returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds. Manila Moves to Madrid. While sojourning in Barcelona, Rizal received sad. news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the provinces. Many people had died and more were dying daily. According to paciano's letter. dated September 15, 1882, the Calamba folks were having afternoon novenas to San Roque and nocturnal processions and prayers so that God may stop the dreadful-epidemic, which the Spanish health authorities were impotent to check. Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter Of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness Of Leonor Rivera. who was getting thinner because of the absence of a loved one. In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid." Evidently. heeding his advice, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall Of 1882 and established himself in Madrid, the capital Of Spain. Life in Madrid. On November 3, 1882. Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Ceitral de Madrid (Central University of Mad rid) in two courses —_Medicine and Philosophy and Letters Aside from his heavy studies in the university. he studied and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando took lessons in French, German. and English under instructors; and assiduously practised fencing and shoonng •n the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell. His thirst for know'edge of music, he visited the art galleries and museums.

including military engineer. on all subjects under the sun, ing. in order to broaden his cultural background. Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid. He knew that he came to Spain to study and prepare himself Ior service to his fatherland Accordingly, he rigidly budgeted his money and time. He lived frugally. spending his money on food, clothing, lodging, and books — never wasting a peseta for gambling. wine, and women. His only extravagance was investing a rew pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw oi thc Madrid Lotteryv He spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house. attending the reunions of Filipino students at the house oi the Paterno brothers (Antonio. Maximino, and Pedro), and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium. At other times. during the summer twilights. he sipped coffee and fraternized with thc students from Cuba, Mexico. Argentina, etc. at the Antigua Cafe dc Levante. On Saturday evenings. he visited the borne of. Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey who lived with his sonx(Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo). Don Pablo had been city mayor of Manila during -the administration of thc litx•ral governor general Carlos Ma. de la Torre (1869•1871) and was later promoted vice-presidem of the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies (Ultramar). Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez. Rizal was not a handsome man. In physique. he was neither dashing nor impos- ing. for hc was a shy small man — a few inches atu»ve five feet in height. But he v»ssessed an aura of charisma due to his many-splendored talents and noble character which made him attractive to romantic young women. No wonder the prettier of Don Pablo's daughters (Consuelo) fell in love with him. Rizal, being a young man in a foreign country. far from his natal land, was attracted by Consuelo's beauty and vivacity. He even coml»sed a lovely poem on August 22. 1883 dedicated to her. In this poem titled A La Senorita C. O. y P. (To Miss C. O. y he expressed his admiration for her. He found solace and joy in her company. However, txfore his romance with Consuelo could om into scrims affair, hc suddenly backed out for two reasons: (I) he was.ill eng.d to Leonor Rivera and (2) his friend and co.worucr in the propaganda Movement , Eduardo de Lete. was madly in love with Consuelo and he had no Wisb to break their friendship treause of a pretty girl. "They Ask Me Vor Vergs." In 18R2 'hortly aner his arrival in Madrid. Rizal joined the Circulo "ispano•Eiltpino (I-lispano•Philippinc Circle), a society of Spaniards and Fll.p.nos Upon the request of the rnemiG. of this society. he wrote a poem entillcd "Me ('ntey Ask Me For Verses) which he declaimed during thc Year's recep- lion or thc held in the even.ng Of December IS*2, In this poem. he the Of his •gonmng heart, as follows:" TIIV.V ASE VERSES You me now (o the lyre. mute 'orn so long has Iain. And yet cannot wake thc 'tram. Nor Will thc Muse one Coldly. it shakes 'n due. As if my soul itwll to wnng. And when its sound but to fling A at its nun lament; so in sad pen'. My soul Can nc•thet feel not sing, There was a time — ah. true — But that time long ago has past — When upon mc the Muse had and But of that age thought. that Oth There on And O' and gay. A I m. that land that I can call my.

are apparent. they are only paradoxes. tbrvwgh that canvas that is not mute. can tn El 01 the multitude. the shouting of the slaves. metallic of the corpses, the sobs thc tvrcaved. thc murmurs prayer. with such realism. as the din of thunder in 01 thc crash ot the or the impressive and dreadful tremor 01 the earthquake. same nature that engenders such phenomena inter. venes also •n strokes. On thc other hand. in Hidalgo's painting the purest sentiment throbs, ideal expression of trauty. and weakness. victims of brute force: and il is because Hidalgo was t»rn under the brilliant azure Of that sky. to the cc•oing Of its sea breezes, in the midst or the *lenity oi its lakes. thc Of its valleys. and the majestic Oi its mountains and ranges, For that in Luna •s are the shadows. the contrasts. moribund lights. mystery, and the terrible. like thc reverberation of the dark tempests of the tropics. the light. ning amf tix roaring eruptions Of their volcarux•s. For that reag»n Hidalgo is all light. color. harmony , feeling. limpidity. like thc Philiprines in her me*'nlight nights on her tranqui! days. with t»rizons that invite to meditation. and where the infinite lulls, And t»th. despite being so distinct in tirm«lves. in amrarame at least. coincide at tkittom. as all our hearts in Of notable differences. In reflecting on their palette splendiferous rays Of unfolding glory with they surrouru_l Native I-and. both express the spirit "Kial, mral. and political life; mankind subjected to harsh unredeemed mankind: reason and aspiration in an struggle with preoccupations. lanati. ctsm. and injustices, trcause sentiments and opinions passage through the thickest walls. because to Ihcm all have all are tiansparcnt. and il they lack if the ptess does not help them. palette and brushes will not Only delight tix eye but will be eloquent 1 ributes, If rnother teaches her child her language in orde• that she may understand his joys. his necessitiés, or his *'ain. teaches also her language the Philippines spite or the omu»ition those myopic men and pigmies. who. desiring to insurr thc present. do future: •eigh •Onsequenccs — rachitic 72 vet who temi to extinguish kgitimate feelings. Who rxrverting the hearts Of thc r.ople, in tbcm the germs of discord in order to reap later the the aconite. the death of future generations. But. I forget miseries' peace to those are &ad, the •kad are &ad•. they lack breath. soul. and worms them' Let us not evoke their dismal memory; let us bring their stench into the midst of our rejoicinp' FMtunately. brothers are larger in nurntxr; genermity and nobility are innate under the sky Of Spain; all Of you are a patent of that. You have req»nded you have helvrd and you would have more if more had asked Of you. Seated to share our and to honor the illustrious sons Of the Philippines. you honor Spain txcause you have done very well. boundaries of Spain are neither the Atlantic nor the Cantab- rian nor Mediterranean — it would be ignominious for the water to place a dam to her grandeur, to her idea — is there, there where her beneficent influence is felt. though nag might disappear. there would regnain her memory, eternal, imperishable, What a piece Of red and yellow cloth matter. what do rifles and canncms matter. there •here no fusion Of ideas. unity Of prinaples, harmony Of exist? Luna t*long as much to you as to love them and We see in them generous hovx•s. precious examples. Filipino youth in Europe. ever enthusiastic. and others hearts always remain young for the disin- terestedneg and enthusiasm that characterize their actions, Offer to Luna as a aown. a mcxJest gift. small indeed for Our but the mmt srx.ntaneous and the voluntary of all the gifts hitherto presented to him. But thc gratitude of the Philippines towards her Ous was not yet satisfied, and desiring to give free to the thoughts that bubble in the mind. to ihe sentiments that at»und in to the words that esc-:aF thc We have all come here to this banquet to join Wishes, in or&r to give form to the mutual embrace Of that love onc another and like one morally, and vx»litically united for a Of four that they may form in the future One singk nati«m in in •haties, their views, in their 73.

»se RIZAL: Life. Nongs ANO WRITINGS 1 drink then to the health of our artists Luna and Hidalgo, legitimate and pure glories of two peoples! 1 drink to the health of the persons who have lent them a helping hand on the dolorous path of art. 1 drink to the health of the Filipino youth, sacred hope of my Native Land. that they may imitate such precious examples so that Mother Spain. solicitous and heedful of the welfare of her provinces, implement soon the reforms she has contemplated for a long time. •nte furrow is ready and the ground is not sterile! And I drink finally for the happiness of those parents who, deprived of the tenderness of their children, from those distant regions follow them with moist eyes and palpitating hearts acroS seas and space. sacrificing on the altar Of the common welfare the sweet consolations that are so scarce in the twilight Of life. precious and loncly winter flowers that sprout along the snow-white borders Of the grave. Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations. On November 20. 21, and 22. 1884, the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of the Central University. Rizal and other Filipino students participated, together with Cuban, Mexi. can, Peruvian. and Spanish students. in the tumult. These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayla. professor of history. at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20. in which he proclaimed "the freedom Of ahd the teacher". Such a liberal view Was condemned by the Catholic bishops of Spain, who promptly excommunicated Dr. Morayta and those who applauded his speech. Angered by the bigotry of the Catholic bishops, the univer- sity students rose in violent demonstrations. They rioted in the city streets. shouting: "Viva Morayta! Down with Bishops!" Practically all the students in various colleges (Law, Medicine, Philosophy and Letters, etc,) joined the massive demonstrations, including Rizal, Valentin Ventura, and other Filipinos. The police and the army troopers tried to suppress the angry students, but in vain. Bloody fights raged in the university buildings and in the city streets. The students armed with clubs. stones, and fists. fought the government iorccs. Many university professors openly supported the student rioters. The Rector, who also took the side of the students, was forced to resign and was replaced by Doctor Creus, "a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody". The appointment of the new Rector intensified the fury of the student demonstrators. More student demonstrations con. vulsed the city. Recounting the tumultuous riotings to his family in a letter dated November 26, 1884, Rizal said: J 6 When the new Rector went to assume Office next day (November 21. 1884 — feelings were much irritated. we were still seeing red. it was resolved not to return to classes as long as they did not give us satisfaction. and remove the Rector. There Were repeated shouts of "Down With Creus'" I was there also. On that day there were new encounters, new fights. wounded. cane blows. imprisonment. etc. It was on lhis same day, the 21st. when a police lieutenant and a secret service man wanted to seize Ventura and me. but he and I escaped. Two Filipinos were taken prisoners. On the third day. Saturday, the 22nd. the new Rector Creus called the police to occupy the University. to the great disgust Of the professors and the great indignation of the students. On this day. because the agent the law were staring very much at me, and I do not know *hy_ had to disguise myself three times. None entered the classes. Mprc blows. wounded, etc. More than SO guards occupied the University up and down; they had their guns and bugles in the lecture hall, boulevard Del Prado was by the cavalry. cannons, and soldiers. On this day we swore not to return to this dishonored University. whose Rector was imposed on it by force and threat, and in which we are treated as persons without dignity: and we have sworn not to go back until they give us complete satisfaction. and reinstate the old Rector. remove Creus who is a disgrace to the physicians who wanted to expel him from the Academy lof Medicine and Surgeryl for lacking in digmty and respect. . This Rector. to avoid the catcalls and insults the students, kaves and enters the University thru a secret door in the garden. All the papers of Madrid and in provinces, except those of the Ministry. are in our severely accusing the Government; the also are our side. and the students of the provinces arc adhering to us, A rich banker offered ten thousand duros to es• Rector to bail out the imprisoned students and a" professors are in favor of the students, so much so take our cause as theirs. I had the luck Of not havtng even a cane blow. nor taken prisoner. arrested.

RIZAL: ANO my two as student of medicine and of philosophy and Whether it was luck or not. thc case is that there children. soldiers. stran•. letters 'ounded Old men. women. NO Filipino Was gem I did even have to run.. wounded. but Cubans and Spaniards many. Studies completed in Spain. Rizal his course in Spain. He was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21 IV The next academic year (1884-85) he studied and passeå all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Due to the fact. however. that he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his DcKtor•s diploma. His scholastic records in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid were as follows: I Fifth Year (102-83): continuation or Mdical in Universal History I General Literature Universal History I General Literature Universal History 2 . Greek and Latin Literature Greek I Spanish Language . Arabic Language . Very Excellent Very G'_xxl Excellent Excellent Excellent (with prize) Excellent (With prize) Excellent w' a scholarship Excellent w,' a scholarship Santo TMuS Medical Clinic I Surgical Clinic I Obst e trical Clinic Lrgal Medicihe Sixth year (1883-84) Medical Clinic 2 Surgical Clinic 2 . Fair Excellent Very Licentiate in 21, Vith rating "Fair" History of Medical . Surgical Analysis Normal Histology . Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters, with higher grades. He was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central Madrid on June 19, (his 24th birthday), with the rating of "Excellent" (.%bresaliente). His Cholastic records in thb anxræ follow: 18 76 At long last, Rizal completed his studies in Spain. By obtain- ing the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters. qualified to be a professor of humanities in any Spanish univer- sity. And by receiving his degree Of Licentiate in Medicine. he became a full-fledged physician, qualified to practise medicine. He did not bother to secure the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine tEcause it was, together with the licentiate in philosophy and letters, good only for teaching purposes. Being a man of high intelligence and foresight, he knew that with his brown color and Asian racial ancestry no friar-owned university or college in the Philippines would accept him in its faculty staff. nus he said. in his letter to his family written in Madrid, November 26, WI: "My is not of very much value to me because although it is useful to a university professor, yet I trlieve they IDominican friars — Zl will never apr»int me as such in the College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy and letters which may serve also for a professorship, but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me..

RIZAL: LIFE. NORKS •ong which asserts that any race aspires for freedom, and a Sad danza, La Deportacion (Deprtation), which he cornl»sed in Dapitan during his exile. In Historic After acquiring enough as an ophthalmologist in Dr. Weckert's clinic, Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris on February l, for Germany. He visited (capital of Alsace Lorraine) and other German tX)rder On February 3, 1M' he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany farnous for its old university and romantic surroundings. For a short time he lived in a boarding house with some German law students. These students found out that Rizal was a gocxl chess player so that they made him a merntkr of the Oless Player'saub. He became r»pular among the German students because he joined them in their chess games and drinking, and watched their friendly saber duels. After a few days, Rizal to a boarding house which was near the University of Heidelberg. He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the dirution of Dr. Otto mxker, distinguished German ophthælmologist, and attended the lectUres of Becker aryl Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university. During week-ends, Rizal visited the scenic spots around Heidelberg, imluding the famous Castle, the roman- tic Neckar River, the theater, and the old churches. He noticed that the German Catholis and Protestants practised ecumenism, for they lived together in harmony and cordiality. One Of the town churches was used "one-half by the Catholics and the other half by the Protestants." "To the Flowers Heidelberg." In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the blcx»nung flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite flower — the light blue "forget-me•rlot". tmutiful spring flowers reminded him of the blooming dowers at tik garden of his home in Calamba. In his of homesickness, he wrote on April 22, 1886, a fine "A Las Floresde Heidelberg" (To the Flowers of Heidelberg), as follows:' to my native land. go. foreign flowers. *'Vn by ttÆ traveler on his way. D e.rnn And there, its azure sky. Where all my affections lie; There from the weary pilgrim say. What faith is his in that land of ours! GO there and tell how When the dawn, Her early light diffusing. Your Irtals first flung open wide; His steps beside chill Neckar drawn, You see him silent by your side, Upon its •spring lxrennial musing, Saw how when morning's light, All your fragrance stealing. Whispers to you as in mirth, Playful songs of Love's delight, He. tCK3, murmurs his love's feeling In the tongue he learned at•birth. That When the sun Of Keenigstuhl•s height Pours Out its golden , And with its slowly warming light Gives life•to vale and grove and He greets that sun. here only upraising, Which in his naiive land is at its zenith blazing And tell there of that day he stood, Near to a ruin'd castle gray By Neckar's •banks, pr shady wood, And pluck'd you from beside the Way Tell, m, the talf to you addressed. And how with tender care, Your tk•nding leaves he press'd •Twixt pages of some volume rare. Bear then, O flowers, love's message bear; My love to all the Iov'd ones there, Peace to my country — fruitful land — Faith Whereon its sons may stand, And virtue for its daughters' care; All those trloved Creatures greet, That still around home's altar meet. And when you come unto its shore, This kiss I now on you trstow, fling where the winged preezes blow;.

RIZAL: u". WORKS wnmW nat t»rne on them it may hover o'er All that I love, estæm. and adore. But tlwugh, O flowers, you come unto that land, And still perchance your colors hold; far from this Ywroic strand. Whose soil first bade you. life unfold Still here your fragrance will expand; Your soul that never quits the earth Whose light smiled on you at your birth. With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhelmsfeld. After writing "To the Flowers of HeideltRrg," Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village near Heidelberg. He stayed at the vicarage of a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer, who his good friend and admirer. His pleasant and talents in languages and sketching endeared him to the pastor's wife, who was a good cook, and two children, Etta (daughter) and Fritz (son). So delightful was his stay at Pastor Ullmer's home that Rizal felt the pangs of sadness when he ended his sojourn On June 25, 1886. He returned to Heidelberg, carrying with him memories of the Ulimer friendship and hospitality. The following day he wrote to Pastor Ullmer expressiné his gratitude, as follows: you very much once more. You may also receive, when you are abroad, the same treatment and friendship as I have found among you: and if being a foreigner, [can do nothing for you in a foreign country, I can of some service to you in my homeland, where you will always find a good friend, if I do not die, of course. The joy of being by other neople is so great that one cannot easily forget it. You understcx)d me in spite of my brown skin, which to many people is yellow, as if that were puul- ing or absurd. Later , on May 29, 1887, Rizal wrote from Munich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz) , son of Pastor Ullmer: "Tell the Frau Pas- tor, your dear Mama, that when I reach home, I shall write to her. I shall never forget how she. as well as your Papa,had been to me when I was an unknown stranger, without friends and recom- mendations ... I shall never forget Wilhelmsfeld with its ble parish 82 First Letter to Blumentritt. On July 31, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter in German (which he had improved after his stay with the Ullmers) to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of the AteneO Of Leitmeritz, Austria. He had heard of this Austrian ethnologist and his interest in Philippine languages. In his letter, Rizal said: 7 I have heard that you are studying our language. and that you had already published some work about it; permit me tcy 'end you a valuable written by my countryman in our language. The Spanish Version is medicrre trcause the author is only a mcxlest writer but the Tagalog rn.rt is grx»d, and it is precisely the language spoken in our province. With the letter, Rizal sent the which he mentioned. nat IN)0k Was entitled Aritmetica (Arithmetic) and was published in two languages — Spanish and Tagalog — by, the University of Santo Tomas press in The author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna. Rizal's letter from Heidelberg impressed Blumentritt, who reciprtxated by sending Rizal a gift of two h.joks. It marked the beginning of their long and frequent cOrresH)ndence, also of their friendship that lasted all their lives. Blumentritt, the Austrian, the IBt friend of Rizal. the Filipino. Fifth Centa•ary Heidenrrg University. Rizal was fortunate to "'journing in when the famous University of held its fifth centenary celebration on August 6, 1M. It was three days his departure, and he was sad-txcause he had come to love the beautiful city and its hospitable people. The following entry on his diary dated •August 6, 1M descritB the celebration of the' fifth centenary of the famous University of Heidelberg:8 For its fifth the University Ot trrg celebrated its Fesrung this morning, and we attended.' liked the picture than thc original itself. There were, however, many elegant and brilliant ostumes; Bugmuller, thé famous stüdent of Heideltxrg, was dressed as Frederick the Victorious; Li&rman, as a gentleman of the seventeenth century; Gregoire, wolf of %wahen, etc. ust night was Schlorsfest. When will theg gaieties enjoyed in this and 83.

RIZAL : LIFE. wniTwa beaedful Sty When will the foreigners return • When shall I return after I shall have left? Inquire the fate of the molecules of water that the sun evaporates. Some fall as dew on the txsorns of the flowers; others are converted into ice and snow; others into mud or swamp or torrential cas- cade— they are not lost but continue to live in nature. Will my soul have the fate of water — never being lost into In Leipzig Dresden. On August 9, three days after the fifth centenary celebration of the University of HeideltRrg, Rizal left the city. He tx»arded a train. visited various cities of Ger- many, and arrived in Leipzig on August 14, 1886. He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on history and psychol- ogy. He befriended Professor Friedlich Ratzel, a famous German niAorian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, German In Leipzig, Rizal tianslated Schiller's William Tell from Ger- man into Tagalog so that Filipinos might know the story of that champion of Swiss indelkndenCE. Later, he also translated into Tagalog for his nephews and nieces Hans Christian Anderwn's Fairy Tales. Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was in Europe that he stayed two months and a half in this German city. He corrected M)rne chapters of his second novel and formed his daily physical exercises at the city gymnasium. Because •f his knowledge of German, Spanish and other EuroFan lan- guages he worked as prx)f-reader in a publisher's firm, thereby earning some money. On 29. he left Leipzig for Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Director of the and Ethnological Museum. He stayed two days in the city. He heard Mass in a Catholic church. Evidently, this Mass impressed him very much, for he wrote on his diary: I have never in my life heard a Mass whose music had greatei sublimity and intonation. In the morning of November 1, Rizal left Dresden by tr.ön, reaching in the evening. in Berlin's *ientmc Circle. Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the race prejudice. In this city, he came in contact with 4 PS-i. great scientists. He met for the first time Dr. Fecxior Jagor, celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila. Dr. Jagor visited the Philippines in 1859-60, when Rizal was a boy. In this tx»ok (published in Berlin in 1873), he foretold the downfall of Spanish rule in the Philip- pines and the coming of America to Philippine shores. Rizal had a letter of introduction by Blumentritt for him. Dr. Jagor, in turn, introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, famous German anthropologist, and the latter's son, Dr. Hans Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy. Rizal also met Dr. W. Joest, noted German geographer. He worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger, famous German ophthalmologist. Rizal became a memtx:r of the Anthropological Stxiety. the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, recommendation ot Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer. His mem- txrship in these scientific proved that his scientific knowledge was recognized by Europe's scientists. He was the first Asian to such honors. Dr. Virchow, who recognized Rizal's genius, invited the latter to give a lecture before the Ethnographic of Berlin. In r.•nse to Virchow's invitation, Rizal wrote a.scholarly in German, entitled Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) which he read the 'in April 1887. This was published by the society in the same year, and.it elicited favorable comments from all scientific quarters. Rizal's Life in BerUn. In Berlin, Rizal was not a mere student or a curious tourist. He lived in this famous capital of unified Germany for five reasons: (1) to gain further knowledge of ophthalmology, (2) to further his studies of sciences and languages, (3) to observe the economic had Ex»litical conditions of the German nation, (4) to ass•xiate with famous German Eientists and scholars, and (5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere. Rizal led a and frugal life in Berlin. By day, be worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger, eminent German opthalmologist. At night, be attended in ttr University of Berlin..

At his t»arding house, he kept himglf in physical trim by. daily exercises and practised speaking -German, French, and Italian. He wanted to master French so that he may be able to write it as well as in Spanish. He took private lessons under a professor of French, Madame Lucie Cerdole in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the French language. Aside from perfecting his academic studies, he Errformed daily exercises in a Berlin gymnasium to develop his body. He spent his leisure moments touring the countrysides around Berlin, observing keenly the customs, dresses, homes and occupations of the peasants. He made sketches of the things he saw. He also enjoyed promenading along Unter den Linden, the popular boulevard of Berlin, sipping beer in the city's inns, and talking with the friendly Berliners. Rizal German Women. One of his important letters written while he was in Germany was that addressed to his sister, Trinidad, dated March 11, 1886. In this letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and admiration for German womanhood. The German woman, said Rizal to his sister, is serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. 10 She is not gossipy, frivolous, and quarrelsome like the Spanish woman. Sbe is not particular about beautiful dresses and expensive jewelry, though she could dress nicely like any other woman in the world. Rizal regretted that in the PhilipFines, the women are more interested in how they dress than in how much they know. He praised, however, the delicacy of feeling, the fine manners, devotion, and hospitality of the Filipino women, especially those in the provinces who are not yet sophisticated. If only they can cultivate their intellect by education and by taking more interest in worldly affairs, remarked Rizal, they can u)mmand the respect of all men. Accordingly, Rizal advised his sister, Trinidad: "Now that you are still young you should strive to read, read, and learn. You must not allow yourself to be conquered by indolence because it costs so little to cast it off."" German Customs. Aside from the German women, Rizal admired the German customs which he observed well. It 'must noted that he was a keen observer of the customs Of the peoples in all the countries he visited. 86 The Christmas custom of tiie Germans delighted him rn€ht. Of this Yuletide custom, he wrote: "On Christmas eve, the people take from the bushes a pine tree, selecting one which must not only be straight, but also must have leaves that do not fall in spring; I mean that dry leaves are not leaves at all in •this particular case, but are a kind of small needle. It is adorned with lantems, palrrs, lights, dolls, candies, fruits etc.; and shown at night to the children (who had not seen it beiny prepared). Around this tree is made the family observance. "l Another interesting German custom observed by Rizal is self-introduction to strangers in a social gathering. In Germany, when a man attends a social function and finds that there is nobody to introduce him to the other guests. he bows his head to the guests, introduces himself and shakes the hands of eve yone in the room. According to the German code of etiquette, it is bad manners for a guest to remain aloof, and wait for his host or hostess to make the proper introduction. Rizal's Darkest Winter. Rizal spent winters in many temp- erate countries. The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter. During this bleak winter. he lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. He could not pay his landlord. He had to scrimp, eating only one meal a day: And that d_-.äy meal consisted of bread and water or some cheap vegetable soup. His clothes were old and threadbare. He•washed them himself trcause he could not• afford to pay the laundry. Out in far-away Calamba, Paciano tried desperately to laise money. He knew his younger brother was in a dire financial situation in Berlin. But the crops had failed due to the ravages of the locusts. The sugar market collapæd.- Time was of the essence, but poor Paciano was delayed in raising the necesary Meanwhile, Rizal starved in Berlin and shivered with wintry cold. His health broke down due to lack of pr01xr nourishment. He be to cough, and he feared that he was going to • ck . Never had he suffered such physical bbws of. Fury, that his Oul cried mat in de.air..

RIZAL: LIFE. WORKS AND passages in his manuscript, including a whole chapter — "Elias and Salome." On February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing. With Viola, the savior of the Noli, Rizal went to different printing shops in Berlin to survey the cost of printing. After a few days of inquiries, they finally found a printin shop — Berliner Buchdruckrei•Action-Gesselschaft — d the lowest•rate,. that is, 300 pesos for 2.0(X) copies of the novel. Rizal as Frenchy Spy. During the printing of the Noli, a rare incident happened to Rizal. One morning the chief of police Berlin paid a sudden visit to Rizal's boarding house and requested to see the latter's passport. Unfortunately, Rizal could not produce a passport, for he had none — in those days it was possible to travel without a passport. The police chief then told him to secure a passport within four days, otherwise he would be deported. 2 Immediately. Rizal, accompanied by Viola went to the Spanish embassy to seek the help of the Spanish ambassador, the Count of Benomar, who promised to attend to the matter. But the ambassador failed to keep his promise, for it turned out that he had no power to issue the required passport. At the expiration of the four-day ultimatum, Rizal presented himself at the office of the German police chief, apologizing for his failure to obtain passport and politely asked the latter why he was to be deported when he had not committed any crime. The police chief informed him that he had received intelligence reports that he (Rizal) had made frequent visits to the villages and little towns in the rural areas, thereby arousing the German government's suspicion that he was a French spy, inasmuch as he entered Germany from Paris, where he resided for some years and was apparently a lover of France , whose language and culture he knew so much. At that time the relations between France and Germany were strained on account of Alsace-Lor- Rizal, in fluent German language, explained to the police chief he was not a French spy, but was a Filipino physician and particularly an ethnologist. As an ethnologist, he visited 90 the rural areas of the countries he visited to observe the customs and life-styles of their simple inhabitants. Favorably impressed with Rizal's explanation and fascinated by his mastery of the German language and personal charisma, the police chief was satisfied and allowed him to stay freely in Germany. Printing of the Nou Finished. After the incident of his aborted deportation as a suspected French spy, Rizal, with the help of Viola, supervised the printing of the Noli. Day by day, they were the printing shop proof-reading the printed pages.. On March 21, 1887, the Noli Me Tangere came off the press. Rizal immediately sent the first copies of the printed novel to his intimate friends, including Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, G. LI»pe2 Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix R. Hidalgo. In his letter to Blumentritt, dated March 21, 1887, he said: "I am sending you a book. It is my first book, though I have already written much before it and received some prizes in literary competitions. It is the first impartial and bold book on the life of the Tagalogs. The Filipinos will find it the history of the last ten years. I hope you will notice how different are my descriptions from those of other writers. The government and the friars will probably attack the work, refuting my arguments; but I trust in the God of Truth and in the persons who have actually seen the sufferings at close range. I hope I can answer all the concepts which have been fabricated to malign us. "3 On March 29, 1887, Rizal, in token of his appreciation and graütude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: "To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work — Jose Rizal. The Tide of the Novel, ne title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phraæ which means "Touch Me Not." It is not oriiinally con- ceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it-from the Bible. Rizal, writing to Felix R. Hidaldo in French on March 5, 1887, said: "Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the Gospel of Saint I-uke, signify "do not touch me. "4 In citing the Biblical source, Rizal made a mistake. It should be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20, Verses 13 to 17). According to St. John, on the First Easter Sunday, St. Mary Magdalene visited the Holy.