POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

[Audio] Our presentation is all about the political history of the philipines .we discuss the important event in the past that still have big impact and still observe in our time today ..

[Audio] This power point presentation was reported by group 4.

[Audio] The contents of this study is all about politics , Time periods from pre Spanish to current political system, Political events and issues in the past and lastly importance and relevance on this presentation..

[Audio] The contents of this study is all about politics , Time periods from pre Spanish to current political system, Political events and issues in the past and lastly importance and relevance on this presentation..

[Audio] Pre Spanish era. PRE – SPANISH ERA. New Lapu-Lapu Illustration Shows Him As An Old Man.

[Audio] in pre spanish era Before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan the Philippines, was split into numerous barangays, small states that were linked through region-wide trade networks. Each barangay was ruled by a chief called datu in some places and rajah, sultan or hadji in other who gained position by inheritance, wisdom, physical prowess or wealth. The datu exercised all functions of government. He was the executive, legislative and the judge in times of peace and the commander in chief in times of war. there was no national government in this time. there were only independent barangays and datu's. but there was no strong enough datu to unite the archipelago into 1 nation. some barangays ,however unite to form a " confederation" The arrival of Hindu influence increased the power of Indianized datus. The first large state was Sulu, which adopted Islam in the 15th century. This system then spread to the nearby Sultanate of Maguindanao and the Kingdom of Maynila. Ferdinand Magellan's death in 1521 can be partly attributed to a dispute between Lapu-Lapu and Rajah Humabon for control of Cebu. Spanish Captain-General Miguel López de Legazpi established a settlement in Cebu in 1565. Maynila was conquered in 1571, and Manila subsequently became the center of Spanish administration. Spain gradually conquered the majority of the modern Philippines, although full control was never established over some Muslim areas in the south and in the Cordillera highlands..

[Audio] Spanish era. Spanish Era. SPANISH ERA. Manila was proclaimed capital of Spanish administration in Philippines June 24, 1571.

[Audio] Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony. When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a governor general. A special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the colonies assisted the king in this respect. This body became known by many names. Council of the Indies ( 1565- 1837), Overseas Council (1837- 1863), and Ministry of the Colonies (1863–1898). It is implemented the decrees and legal codes Spain promulgated although many of its provisions could not apply to condition in the colonies. It also exercised legislative and judicial powers..

[Audio] The Political Structure Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a national government and the local governments that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. With the cooperation of the local governments the national government maintained peace and order, collected taxes and built schools and other public works..

[Audio] The Governor General As the King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines, the governor general saw to it that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were implemented in the Philippines. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. He also supervised all government offices and the collection of taxes. The governor general exercised certain legislative powers, as well. He issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws..

[Audio] The governor general and other government officials had so much power that is can Commonly abused . To investigate the abuses there were bodies created the residencia , the visita and the royal audencia. The Residencia This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a governor general who was about to be replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governor general was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King. The Visita The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the Vistador General to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the King. The Royal Audiencia Apart from its judicial functions, the Royal Audiencia served as an advisory body to the Governor General and had the power to check and a report on his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government and sent a yearly report to Spain. The Archbishop and other government officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government to be Spanish king. Despite all these checks, however, an abusive governor general often managed to escape stiff fines, suspension, or dismissal by simply bribing the Visitador and other investigators..

[Audio] The Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the country's administration. There were two types of local government units – the alcadia and the corregimiento. The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated: the corregimiento, headed by corregidor, governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control..

[Audio] The alcalde mayors represented the Spanish king and the governor general in their respective provinces. They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes. Through they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed privileges such as the indulto de comercio, or the right to participate in the galleon trade..

[Audio] The Municipal Government Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by Gobernadordcillos, whose main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection. Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor ( chief lieutenant), the Teniente de Policia ( police lieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields) and the Teniente de Ganados ( lieutenant of the livestock)..

REVOLUTIONARY - ERA. Katipunero with the portrait of Jose Rizal - Bayani Art.

la liga filipina | Ang La Líga Filipína ang samahang itinata… | Flickr.

[Audio] When upon his return to the Philippines in July, 1892, Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina, in the house of Doroteo Ong-Juco which is located in Calle Ilaya in Tondo, Manila The group of Filipino Reformist were mainly belongs to the Filipino Middle Class and the Filipino Professionals. Andress Bonifacio became one of the founder La Liga filippina aims to: Unite the whole country to have a common goal To defend every Filipino citizen against the cruelty, injustice and harsh treatment from the Spaniards To defend every Filipino citizen against the cruelty, injustice and harsh treatment from the Spaniards Improve the system of education, agriculture and commerce in the whole country To study and implement the reform needed for the government IT was considered dangerous by Spanish authorities and rizal was arrested on July 6, 1992 The Reformists Movement in the country fail in their goal. Rizal was exiled to Dapitan..

[Audio] Andres Bonifacio was also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. Bonifacio became convinced that the only way the Philippines could gain independence was through a revolution. Bonifacio then founded the "Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila. The members agreed to recruit more people using the "triangle system" of enlistment. Members were also asked to contribute one Real (about 25 centavos) each month in order to raise funds for the association..

[Audio] he KKK members agreed on the following objectives: The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the country's independence. The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism.. The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed. The " Kataastaasang Sanggunian" (supreme council) was the highest governing body of the Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a " Sangguaniang Bayan" ( Provincial Council) and each town had a " Sangguniang Balangay" ( Popular Council)..

[Audio] THE LEADERS OF THE KATIPUNAN are Deodato Arellano –the Supremo , Valentine Diaz – the treasurer , Teodora Plata – the Secretary , , Ladislao Diwa – the Fiscal and Andres Bonifacio as controller and the founder of the katipunan FOUNDER.

[Audio] Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish authorities was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a KKK member, Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the existence of the Katipunan. Patiño was a worker in the printing press of Diario de Manila. Honoria was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage. The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanage's Mother Superior, Sor Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo. After hearing Patiño's revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by several Guardias Civiles immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila and found evidence of the Katipunan's existence. The governor general was quickly informed. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected KKK members were arrested..

[Audio] News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. Ramos was the son of Melchora Aquino, also known as " Tandang Sora" and was later acknowledged as the Mother of the Katipunan." Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end. Everyone shouted their approval, except for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was too soon for a revolution. Heartened by his men's response, Bonifacio then asked them to tear their cedulas ( residence certificates) to pieces, as a sign of their defiance and determination to rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up their cedulas, shouting, Mabuhay ang Pilipinas (long live the Philippines) -known as the Cry of Pugadlawin..

[Audio] Cavite soon became the center of the Revolution, and the Katipuneros there divided themselves into the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. Baldomero Aguinaldo, brother of Emilio Aguinaldo, headed the Magdalo group, which was stationed in Kawit. General Mariano Alvarez led the Magdiwang group, which was stationed in Noveleta. The two groups fought in separate battles. Emilio Aguinaldo overran Kawit on August 31, 1896, while Alvarez attacked Noveleta. In Bacoor, Aguinaldo tried to intercept Spanish reinforcements coming from Manila; but he was repulsed and forced to retreat to nearby Imus. Here, on the morning of September 5, he defeated the Spanish troops under the command of General Aguirre. A hundred Spaniards were killed and 60 weapons were confiscated. Aguinaldo was hailed as a hero. The adoring Caviteños referred to him as " General Miong" and no longer " Kapitan Miong." General Aguinaldo's numerous victories in the battlefield made him the acknowledged revolutionary leader in Cavite. He issued a proclamation on October 31, 1896 enjoining the people to take courage and continue fighting for Philippine independence. Owing to the defeat of the Spaniards in Cavite, Camilo de Polavieja replaced Ramon Blanco as governor general on December 13, 1896. Polavieja was more successful than his predecessor and slowly regained one-third of the province..

[Audio] While Aguinaldo was recognized as leader by the Magdalo faction, Bonifacio was recognized as the leader of the Katipunan by the Magdiwang faction. An assembly was held in Imus, Cavite on December 31, 1897 to settle the leadership issue but was not successful. Then on March 22, another assembly was held at Tejeros (known as the Tejeros Convention) to elect officers of the revolutionary government. Aguinaldo won as president while Bonifacio was relegated as the Director of the Interior. Bonifacio rejected the elections and declared it void. Bonifacio later formed the Naic Military Agreement, essentially creating a government contending Aguinaldo's. Soon after, Bonifacio was captured, stood trial, and was sentenced to death by a War Council of Aguinaldo's government. Aguinaldo initially commuted the sentence to deportation but later reversed the commutation upon pressure from Pio Del Pilar and other officers. On orders from General Mariano Noriel, Andres Bonifacio was executed at the foothills of Mt. Buntis by Major Lazaro Makapagal on May 10, 1897..

[Audio] Emilio Aguinaldo established his headquarters in Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan province. The news immediately spread throughout the country, and the revolutionaries were once more in high spirits. General llanera, who was in Nueva Ecija, declared his support for Aguinaldo. In July 1897, A charter based on the Cuban Constitution was also drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was signed on November 1, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supreme council that would serve as the highest governing body of the Republic. It also outlined certain basic human rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to education. Emilio Aguinaldo and Mariano Trias were elected Supreme Council president and vice president, respectively..

[Audio] Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato Republic and issued a proclamation stating the following demands: ▪ Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos ▪ Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes ▪ Freedom of the press and of religion ▪ Abolition of the government's power to banish Filipinos ▪ Equality for all before the law..

[Audio] Pedro Paterno, a Spaniard born in the Philippines volunteered to act as negotiator between Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de Rivera in order to end the clashes. Paterno's effort paid off when on, December 15, 1897, the Pact he sign the Pact as the representative of the revolutionaries, and de Rivera as the representative of the Spanish government. The Leaders are: Emilio Aguinaldo- President, Mariano Trias- Vice President, Antonio Montenegro- Secretary, Baldomero Aguinaldo-Treasurer, and Emilio Riego de Dios. On December 23, 1897, Generals Celestino Tejero and Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish forces was made -that the Spanish government will grant self-rule to the Philippines in 3 years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange, Aguinaldo will receive P800,000 ( Mexican Pesos) as remuneration to the revolutionaries and an amnesty. After receiving a partial payment of P400, 000, Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. Some Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They refused to surrender their arms. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung on January 23, 1898. The Filipino's and the Spaniards did not trust each other. As a result, periodic clashes between the two groups still took place even after Aguinaldo's departure from the country. The Spanish did not pay the entire agreed amount..

[Audio] Spain declared war on the United States on April 23, 1898. The United Sates declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898. On May 1, 1898, the United States Navy lead by Commodore George Dewey crushed the Spanish squadron in Manila Bay and the Spanish naval base at Sangley Point in Cavite. By June, 1898, the American had control of portions of the Philippine islands. The Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898. The treaty conferred ownership of the Spanish colonies of Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the United States. In turn, the U.S. paid Spain US$ 20 million..

The Commonwealt h Period.

[Audio] "I preper a government run like hell by Filipinos to a government run like heavens by Americans".

[Audio] From 1907 to 1916, during the American Colonial Period of the Philippines, the Philippine Assembly served as the lower house of the Philippine Legislature. Along with the appointed Philippine Commission, the legislative body of the Insular Government, founded by the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, passed by the United States Congress..

[Audio] The Jones Law, enacted by the 64th Congress of the United States on August 29, 1916, contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States commitment to grant independence to the Philippines. The law provides the grant of independence would come only "as soon as stable government can be established " ,which gave the United States Government the power to determine when this "stable government" has been achieved. It aimed at providing the Filipino people ( Filipinos) broader domestic autonomy , though it reserved certain privileges to the United States ( Americans) to protect their sovereign rights and interests..

[Audio] In1931 , the OsRox Mission (which standsfor " Osmeña and Roxas") successfully lobbied for the enactment of the Hare- Hawes Cutting Act, which was passed by the Philippines Legislature. In 1934, a new mission (the QuAquAl Mission, made up of Quezon, Benigno Aquino Sr., and Rafael Alunan) negotiated the Tydngs-McDuffie or the Philippine Independence Act, which set a ten-year transition period to be known as the Commonwealth of thePhilippines, followed by the recognition of the independence of the Philipines by the United States..

Sergio Osmeña. Ma nuel Roxas.

[Audio] The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was authorized by South Carolina Representative Butler Hare, Missouri Senator Harry Bartow Hawes and New Mexico Senator Bronson M. Cutting. It was finally passed by the United States Congress in December 1932, but was vetoed by U.S Herbert Hoover. Congress then overrode the veto on January 17, 1933. The law promised Philippines independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. It also required the Philippines Senate to ratify the law..

[Audio] Otherwise known as Philippine Independence Act is a U.S. law that provide for Philippine independence. It is a slightly revised version of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 1933 but was vetoed by U.S. President Hoover. The U.S. Congress overrode the veto but was rejected by the Philippines Senate upon urgings of Manuel L. Quezon. Quezon wanted an amended bill. The new bill named, the Philippine Independence Act was authored by Senator Milliard Tydings ( Democrat). The new president, Franklin D. Rossevelt, signed it into law on March 24, 1934..

Sen. Milliard Tydings. Sen. John Mcduffie.

[Audio] The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935- 1946) and later used by the third republic (1946- 1972). It was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not have a premise to hold onto its possession on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence unready for full, real independence..

[Audio] The Third Republic later employed the 1935 Constitution, which was drafted in 1934 and accepted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935– 1946). (1946- 1972). In order to guarantee that the United States would fulfill its commitment to grant the Philippines independence and avoid having a justification to hold onto its property on the grounds that it was too politically immature and thus for null, real independence, it was written with an eye toward winning the approval of the United States Government as well. The President was elected to a six-year term without the option of running for reelection under the original 1935 Constitution, which called for a unicameral National Assembly. A bicameral Congress with a Senate and House of Representatives was added to the constitution in 1940, along with a separate electoral commission. The President might now serve a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms under the Constitution..

[Audio] The post-EDSA era was a period of transition—from decades of "guided newspapering" to free and responsible journalism. Undoubtedly, a smooth transition could not be expected. Despite greater credibility, charges of sensationalism, misinformation and disinformation were labeled against some newspapers and broadcast stations. The media was divided between the so-called Marcos loyalists and the then alternative media. The former became the mouthpiece of antigovernment forces which launched a series of coup attempts against the Cory government. The Aquino government was in itself at a loss on how to deal with the media. Says then Press Secretary Teodoro Benigno, "if you move to control them ( media), you are not practising democracy. If you don't move against them, the very democracy you want to protect might just crumble.".

Secretary Teodoro Benigno. THE EDSA REVOLUTION --... - TEDDY Benigno: Here's the Score | Facebook.

[Audio] If the late sixties up to the seventies had its bomba films, the mid eighties to the 1990s had "ST" ( sex trip) movies and " TF" (titillating films). Movie industry leaders claimed that movie producers opted for these types of productions for " survival" purposes. The industry is one of those most heavily taxed. Producers cannot also readily recoup their investment with stiff competition from Hollywood movies. In contrast, ST or TF films are low-budgeted and "sell." The most popular movie personality was not a movie star but a movie producer, Mother Lily ( Lily Monteverde), owner-producer of Regal Films..

[Audio] In 1987, the Philippine Press Institute ( PPI), the pre-martial rule association of newspapers and magazines nationwide was revived with journalists Adlai Amor and Alice Colet-Villadolid at the forefront. Its mission was to professionalize the Philippine press through continuing education ( training), adoption of the Journalists' Code of Ethics, publications, Community Press Awards, among others. The Philippine Press Council was organized by the PPI in 1998. It is composed of Readers' Advocates or news ombudsmen who were to ensure higher ethical standards in the newspapers they represent. Today its chairman is Jake Macasaet with Ermin Garcia, Jr. as executive director. In 1989, the Advertising Foundation of the Philippines was organized essentially as the "social development" arm of the industry through development dvertising and human resource development projects. Among the " pillars" of the Ad Foundation are Luis J . Morales, Linda C. Gamboa, Marcial S. Carrion, Lourdes Ilustre and Andre Kahn..

CURRENT POLITICAL SYSTEM. Opinion | How to Get Ahead in Politics in the Philippines - The New York Times.

[Audio] The current Political System of the Philippines is being lead by a president with a equally divided branches that is working under the president and those are the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. They are responsible for the balance of the country such as making laws, maintaining the controversies around the country..

[Audio] The members if this branch will be decided through the counts of the votes for them. This branch consist of 24 Senators and no more that 250 House representatives and the 20% consisting must be Party-list representatives..

[Audio] The members if this branch Consist of the President and the Vice President of the Country. They are decided by the voters and will serve a term of 6 years. According to the Article VII, Section 2 of the 1987 Constitution, Someone may become President that is qualified with the criteria of: Natural born Filipino; A registered voter; Must be able to read and write; 40 years of age at the day of the election; and Must have resided in the Philippines for 10 years before the election is held..

[Audio] This branch is the responsible for settling the controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforcable. The members are the Supreme Court and lower Courts..