THE PARAGRAPH

[Virtual Presenter] Good morning everyone! Today, I'm here to talk about an essential part of written communication - the paragraph. I will be exploring the different structures, features, and qualities of a good paragraph, and how to use them effectively. Let's get started!.

[Audio] When it comes to writing paragraphs, certain elements need to be taken into consideration. It is important to ensure that all ideas within a paragraph are relevant to the main topic sentence, and to make the paragraph more interesting, a variety of sentence structures should be used. Transitions should also be used when introducing a new idea, so that readers can understand the connection to the overall discussion. Knowing how to effectively structure and organize a paragraph will help us write better and express our ideas more clearly..

[Audio] You can use this opportunity to craft a thoughtful and meaningful essay on any topic of your choice. Express your thoughts and opinions on something you are passionate about and tell a story or give an argument for a certain position. Writing an essay can be challenging, but the rewards can be great. The Department of English at KNUST, Kumasi offers helpful resources to help you write your essay. Make your voice heard and get creative..

[Audio] A paragraph expresses a single main idea and is composed of related sentences which present and develop that idea in a logical, unified and cohesive manner. It is a self-contained unit of discourse that constitutes a mini-essay, and its structure and purpose are important components. The term itself originates from the Greek "paragraphos" which translates to a line indicating a break in continuity or a shift in speakers in a dialogue..

[Audio] A paragraph is a group of sentences that share a single point or concept, usually related to a specific subject. Indentation plays the main role in structuring a document and shows that a new paragraph has started and should be separate from any previous text. This signals to the reader that a new concept is being introduced..

[Audio] Paragraphs are an essential tool for writing, allowing you to group ideas together and make your writing more readable. A good rule of thumb is to begin a new paragraph whenever you move to a new major point. This could be when there is a new time period or location, when introducing a step in a process or sequence, or to emphasize an important idea. Similarly, when a new person speaks in dialogue, each speech should be in a new paragraph. Paragraphs can help to distinguish your introduction from your conclusion..

[Audio] A clear topic sentence stating the main idea is essential for a good paragraph. Supporting details should be included to expand on and support the topic sentence. The sentences should be unified, only including relevant information that is closely related to the main idea. A smooth transition should exist between each sentence. Good paragraphs should also remain concise, not including more content than is necessary to get the point across. Finally, the paragraph should be concluded with a sentence that ties up the main idea..

[Audio] Sentences within a paragraph should be connected to create a unified argument or story. Each sentence must make an important contribution to developing the main idea and should flow from one to another. When we unite our thoughts and ideas, it results in a meaningful and cogent message..

[Audio] A paragraph typically revolves around a single theme or central idea, and it is important that each sentence within the paragraph has relevance to this idea. Linking sentences through the use of pronouns, repetition of key words, use of synonyms and transitional words helps to provide a cohesive flow, as well as making comprehension easier for the reader..

[Audio] We can use a range of words and phrases to order the points within our paragraph or link ideas together. Examples of Connectives or Linkers include words and phrases to signify sequence or addition such as 'again', 'also', 'in addition', or 'too'; to signal time like 'as soon as', 'now' or 'soon'; to signal comparison like 'by the same token' or 'likewise'; and to signal contrast like 'however' or 'on the contrary'..

[Audio] We'll be discussing the different transitions and linkers you can use to strengthen your writing. Generally, these are used to emphasise points, connect ideas, introduce examples and signal the narrowing of focus. Examples would be for example, for instance, namely and specifically - these help to illustrate a point in a clear, concise way. Additionally, they can be used to introduce conclusions, signal concession to another perspective or point out causes or effects. Knowing when and how to use these transitions can help to make your writing stronger and clearer..

[Audio] When writing a paragraph, it is important to make sure the central idea is fully developed. This can be done by avoiding common mistakes such as under-development, where the idea is not explained enough, overdevelopment, where too much information is added, and wrong development, where a different idea is discussed. All of these should be avoided to ensure the central idea is adequately developed..

[Audio] The building block of any written piece is a good paragraph, which is essential to effective communication. The acronym UCC stands for Unity, Coherence and Cohesion. Unity refers to the need for all sentences of the paragraph to relate to and contribute to the main idea, or topic sentence. Coherence indicates that the sentences should follow logically from one to the other. Further, Cohesion emphasizes the use of transitional words and phrases to link the sentences together..

[Audio] A dictionary is an essential reference tool for any student. It provides not only pronunciation but also meaning, grammatical forms, usage and, in many cases, example sentences demonstrating how words are used. A dictionary is the key to understanding complex words and phrases, and can be extremely useful in learning and understanding a language. Having a good dictionary can significantly improve your learning experience..

Rearranged Paragraph. 2 One of the most important reference tools that you must possess is a dictionary. 4 You do possess one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you are aware of the different kinds of information it contains. 1 It contains, of course, the meanings of difficult words. 3 It also gives you the pronunciation of the words. 5 The dictionary can be referred to for the various grammatical forms of the words. 7 Finally, a good dictionary contains illustrative sentences or phrases, showing how words are actually used. 6 Every college dictionary should provide at least these four kinds of information about words, namely, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical patterns and usage..

[Audio] There are four types of paragraphs that you should be aware of: descriptive, narrative, expository, and argumentative. A descriptive paragraph aims to paint a picture with words. A narrative paragraph is used to provide a story or information about an event that has happened. An expository paragraph is used to explain and give insight into a particular topic. An argumentative paragraph makes a claim and backs it up with evidence. Understanding the differences between these paragraphs can assist you in effectively and accurately conveying your ideas..

[Audio] Narrative paragraphs are a powerful way of telling stories, providing readers with an engaging journey. Detailed descriptions can bring the story to life, and establishing a clear timeline is key to effectively conveying the beginning, middle, and end of the story. At the Department of English at KNUST, Kumasi, students further their writing skills by learning how to craft characters, settings, and events in an organized and logical sequence. This practice enables them to create narrative paragraphs that can draw readers into the story and evoke an emotional response..

[Audio] A descriptive paragraph is an effective way to portray something in detail, capturing the reader's interest. Sensory words create an image that stimulates the senses of the reader, such as the sight, smell, sound, texture, and taste of the subject. Through this kind of writing, a reader can gain a better comprehension of the subject being described and be presented with a vivid experience..

[Audio] Expository paragraphs are a form of writing which serve to explain something or provide instructions. They are also used to describe a process, taking the reader step by step through the same. Composition of this type of paragraph may necessitate the carrying out of research, however the writer may also be able to make use of experience and prior knowledge when constructing it..

[Audio] An argumentative paragraph should provide enough facts and evidence to prompt the reader to reach an informed decision on an important issue. It is vital to present these facts in a clear and concise way, thus encouraging the reader to take a stand on the topic. Such writing must be structured correctly in order to be successful in persuading the reader to agree with the argument..

[Audio] Every paragraph in writing should be meaningful and purposeful to the topic being discussed. An idea should be presented, which is then supported by facts, evidence and examples. Every piece of writing should strive to persuade the reader, providing an argument in the hope of influencing their opinion..

Paragraph Development.

Functional Sentences in a Paragraph. Topic sentence Major supporting sentence Minor supporting sentence Concluding sentence Transitional sentence.

[Audio] The topic sentence is crucial in any paragraph as it provides readers with an overview of what the paragraph will be about, expressing the main idea. However, it should be general enough such that it is not too broad. This sentence can act as a guide for readers to help them gain an enhanced understanding of the paragraph as they read further..

Examples of Topic Sentence.

[Audio] I have a great passion for teaching and taking joy in it. Each day provides me with new obstacles and possibilities for development, and it is always thrilling to watch a student learn something new. Time passes so quickly when I'm in the classroom, and I am lucky enough to be around enthusiastic and questioning youngsters with whom I can share in the delight of learning. It is because of all these reasons and more that I am so fervent about teaching at the Department of English, KNUST, Kumasi..

[Audio] A topic sentence is an essential component of any writing, as it is the statement that expresses the primary concept of the paragraph and provides guidance for what follows. Topic sentences may be either explicit or implicit. Explicit topic sentences are explicitly stated in the text, appearing in expository and argumentative discourses, while implied topic sentences are inferred and often seen in narrative and descriptive writings. If articulated as a sentence, the main idea is conveyed within the topic sentence..

[Audio] For successful placement of topic sentences, it is important to consider the style, formality and subject matter of your writing. The sequence is to introduce a topic first, then provide a more in-depth coverage of it, and finally bring it to a conclusion. Furthermore, the purpose of the writing also needs to be taken into account..

[Audio] The high cost of college is a large obstacle for students, preventing many from even attending college. Those who do make it must deal with long study hours and often require part-time jobs to help pay for their tuition. For those who take out loans or receive scholarships, they still must face the reality of immense debt for years to come..

[Audio] A college student's life involves hard work and commitment. Aside from spending several hours a day in class, there is also a need to pay attention and take notes. Additionally, larger amounts of time need to be devoted to reading difficult textbooks on various topics. Homework and exam preparation also take up additional time. Furthermore, research and essay writing are often necessary. It can certainly be said that college students have a hefty workload..

[Audio] College students have a range of obligations to fulfil, including taking notes, doing homework, taking tests and doing research. This is an essential part of college life and intrinsically linked to their success. It is evident that college students must put in significant effort into their studies and tasks in order to reach their educational targets..

[Audio] Identifying topic sentences is an important skill to have. To do so, look for the sentence that states the central point of the paragraph; it could be either the first or the last sentence. Topic sentences should contain the topic, without going into the details, and may end in a plural noun. Conversely, transitions, such as “for instance”, “second”, or “in addition”, are not present in topic sentences..

[Audio] Sentences providing support are essential parts of a paragraph. They give detail and evidence for the main idea. These supporting sentences can be either major or minor ones, the former providing the most details and facts, while the latter providing extra support and explanation. Collectively, they make the paragraph convincing by giving facts, details, and examples that support the primary concept..

[Audio] I am pursuing higher education to obtain a good first degree in my chosen area of study with the goal of reaching the level of professor that I aspire to. This is a commitment I am willing to make in order to achieve what I believe is possible..

[Audio] I have had a vision of becoming an internationally acclaimed practicing professor in pediatrics since I was in grade 5, when I acted in a skit as a nurse. In order to realize this goal, I must pursue higher education and obtain a good first degree in my chosen field. To that end, I am currently studying at the Department of English at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi. Education is my passion and my purpose in life..

[Audio] A concluding sentence is an important part of any piece of writing. It can provide a sense of completeness to a paragraph by summarizing the main points explored in that paragraph. It may also act as a transition into the next body paragraph, allowing the reader to continue exploring the topic presented. Incorporating concluding sentences into your writing can be a great way to emphasize the main points of your essay and provide a meaningful conclusion..

[Audio] The paragraph is an important structural element in writing. It helps to keep the flow of ideas contained and organized. It allows for the writer to indicate when they are transitioning from one point to the next, and helps the reader to keep track of the logical order of points being discussed. A good paragraph should begin with a transitional sentence that announces the topic of the subsequent paragraph, and should end with a closing sentence that summarizes the main idea of the paragraph and provides a hint of the next topic..

Paragraph Analysis.

[Audio] Ghana experienced a challenging period between 1972 and 1982. Political instability caused multiple changes of government, cycling between military dictatorship, totalitarianism, and liberal democracy. The economy was strained, resulting in high inflation and a shortage of crucial goods. Economic malpractice was rampant and deeply impacted society. Work ethic deteriorated, replaced by theft and apathy, while prostitution and dishonesty became commonplace. This environment created immense pressure on Ghanaians, who were taught to look to the future with hope..

[Audio] A paragraph is an organized group of sentences that revolves around a single topic. To be effective and well-written, a paragraph should start with a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea. This should then be followed by supporting sentences which further elaborate the main idea and provide evidence to back it up. As part of the Department of English at KNUST Kumasi, this technique of providing evidence is one of the essential skills we teach our students..

[Audio] Without the greetings, beginning with "Today", or thanks, the text can be written as: The world can be separated into those who cause disruption and those that assist in rebuilding. We have seen the damaging effects of bad behavior: such as war, human trafficking, child abuse, and the various types of cyber crime. This illustrates that although these people were created by God, they do not act in accordance with His benevolent spirit. Fortunately, there are troubleshooters. They attempt to find ways to repair the destruction caused by the troublemakers. This could be a vaccine to contend with a virus, technology to help those impacted by cybercrime, or housing for those displaced by conflict. Let's join together to make the world a better place..

[Audio] Climate change is an intricate matter that is having an impact on numerous facets of our lives. It is triggered by both natural and human-made reasons. Examples of natural causes of climate change comprise volcanic eruptions, which can bring about cooling by obstructing incoming sunlight, and a natural dynamic cycle. Human activities, like industrialization, also play a major role in climate change. We must strike a balance between the necessity to reduce the consequences of climate change and the monetary and ecological expenses of the strategies we carry out. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this global problem. We must look at the big picture and collaborate to obtain the best results for everybody..

[Audio] Oil discovery in Ghana has been a major blessing for the whole nation. Job prospects for both skilled and unskilled workers have been created, while it has been a major foreign exchange earner, as well. It has enabled the country to reduce its reliance on other oil-producing countries and has allowed it to garner additional taxes for infrastructural development and other economic growth initiatives. The successive Ghanaian governments have therefore worked hard to discover oil in commercial quantities to reap the aforementioned benefits..

[Audio] Internet is an extraordinary and influential tool that can be used in many different ways. It can be a source of data, instruction, and amusement. We can exploit it to stay up with the latest on news and occasions, and access data for research and instruction. Social media stages likewise permit us to associate with individuals around the globe and share thoughts. Be that as it may, we should be mindful of the potential risks of its abuse. There are numerous sites that advance pornography, brutality, and religious radicalism that could contrarily affect a few, particularly youngsters. Henceforth, we should be aware of the substance we access on the internet and utilize it dependably..

[Audio] A paragraph is essential for successful written communication. Starting off with a topic sentence that expresses the core idea of the text and continuing with supportive sentences that show evidence, examples, explanations or illustrations for the main point, helps to craft an effective structure. Adding transition words or sentences between sentences will help to link every point and creating a better flow. The paragraph should end with a concluding sentence that summarizes the main points. To craft a powerful paragraph, one must take into consideration the structure, language choice and target audience. Knowing these fundamentals will help anyone to write a strong paragraph..

[Audio] First year students in the Department of English at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi consistently excel in their grades after their first semester, attributed to the quality of teaching, level of student engagement, and supportive environment. Cumulative Weighted Average (CWA) is an indication of how well a student is progressing in their studies, and when the CWA of first year students in the Department of English is taken into account, it is particularly impressive and a promising sign for the remainder of their course..

[Audio] At the Department of English at KNUST Kumasi, the first semester of university can be a challenging time for many students, but the key to success lies in recognising and addressing a variety of factors. Achieving exemplary Course Work Assessment (CWA) scores requires consideration of social, academic, financial, emotional and psychological factors. Building relationships with professors, understanding the expectations of the course material, managing finances, and coping with feelings of homesickness are all factors which must be taken into account. Paying attention to all of these factors can help ensure a successful start to university life..

[Audio] The Department of English KNUST in Kumasi offers financial stability to first year students with the inclusion of hostel fees and other academic user fees in their admission fees. This can provide a welcome form of relief, allowing students to focus on their studies without worrying about money. This stability can lead to better academic results, like high CWA scores after the first semester of study. It is evident that offering this financial support can be advantageous for students in their journey to reach their academic goals..

[Audio] Teenage pregnancy in postmodern Ghana is a complex issue with societal implications, one which must be considered with an understanding of its underlying causes. The breakdown of the traditional family unit can leave children feeling abandoned and unprotected, leading to desperate decisions regarding their own future. When individuals lack the support and guidance of a loving home, they are more at risk of making poor and potentially dangerous choices that can lead to teenage pregnancy. Unfortunately, this is a grim reality in our modern Ghana, and one which must be addressed in order to break the cycle of teenage pregnancy..

[Audio] It is essential to recognize the importance of using the compare and contrast strategy in analyzing two or more subjects for their similarities and differences. This technique can be applied to any number of topics for further investigation, as seen in the example provided. I would like to thank everyone for taking the time to listen to this presentation and hope it has been an informative and helpful experience..