Name: Climate
Uploaded: 2024-02-02
Duration: 25 min 56 s
Description: Welcome to our e learning on the climate risk and its impact..

[Audio] Welcome to our e learning on the climate risk and its impact.. 

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[Audio] At the end of learning session you will able to understand what is climate change, THE CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE and the impact of climate change to us. 

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2. THE CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE? 3. THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO US?

4. THE TYPE OF CLIMATE RISK?. 5. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT TO THE BANK’S CLIENTS AND ASSET. 

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5. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT TO THE BANK’S CLIENTS AND ASSET

6. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT OUR BANK? 7. HOW MALAYSIA ADAPT?. 

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6. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT OUR BANK?
 7. HOW MALAYSIA ADAPT?

7. HOW MALAYSIA ADAPT? 8.HOW BANK TO ADAPT OR MITIGATE THE RISK?. 

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7. HOW MALAYSIA ADAPT?
 8.HOW BANK TO ADAPT OR MITIGATE THE RISK?

[Audio] Lets's start with the introduction to climate change. 

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[Audio] What is your understanding on climate change. 

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[Audio] Firstly, I will explain about the meaning of climate change. Based on definition by United Nations (2023) climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun's activity or large volcanic eruptions.
Climate change also a shift in global or regional climate patterns, particularly one noticeable from the mid to late twentieth century and mostly linked to higher amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by the usage of fossil fuels.. 

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Based on United Nation (2023) climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions.
 Climate change also a shift in global or regional climate patterns, particularly one noticeable from the mid to late twentieth century and mostly linked to higher amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by the usage of fossil fuels.

[Audio] Next do you know why climate change happen? According to NASA (2023) the changes observed in Earth's climate since the mid-20th century are driven by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere, raising Earth's average surface temperature. Natural processes, which have been overwhelmed by human activities, can also contribute to climate change, including internal variability such as cyclical ocean patterns like El Niño, La Niña and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and external forcings such as volcanic activity, changes in the Sun's energy output, variations in Earth's orbit.. 

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According to NASA (2023) the changes observed in Earth’s climate since the mid-20th century are driven by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere, raising Earth’s average surface temperature. 
 Natural processes, which have been overwhelmed by human activities, can also contribute to climate change, including internal variability such as cyclical ocean patterns like El Niño, La Niña and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and external forcings such as volcanic activity, changes in the Sun’s energy output, variations in Earth’s orbit.

[Audio] Do you know what is greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). WHAT IS GHG EMISSION? According to Britannica (2019), GHG is an abbreviation for "Greenhouse Gas". Greenhouse gases are gases that have the property of absorbing infrared radiation (net heat energy) emitted from Earth's surface and reradiating it back to Earth's surface, thus contributing to the greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas emissions is blanket the Earth, This is often referred to as the greenhouse effect they trap the sun's heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth. When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the air. Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming. the average global temperature has increased by 1C. Warming above 1.5°C risks further sea level rise, extreme weather, biodiversity loss and species extinction, as well as food scarcity, worsening health and poverty for millions of people worldwide.. 

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[Audio] FROM 1900-2003 which on 20th century saw a significant increase in global temperatures and CO₂ emissions. Before the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), emissions were very low. However, with the increased use of fossil fuels to power machines, emissions rose to 6 billion tonnes of CO₂ per year globally by 1950. The amount had almost quadrupled by 1990, reaching a rate of over 22 billion tonnes per year.. 

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[Audio] FROM 2004-2013 which during this period, the average global temperature in 2013 was 58.3 degrees Fahrenheit (14.6 Celsius), which is 1.1 F (0.6 C) warmer than the mid-20th century baseline. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the world emits over 34 billion tonnes of CO₂ each year. The International IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report highlighted that the area affected by drought increased, cold extremes became less frequent, heat waves became more frequent in most land areas, heavy precipitation events became more frequent in most areas, and intense tropical cyclone activity increased in the North Atlantic.. 

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[Audio] Now I will explain about climate change from 2014 to 2019. From 2014 which this year was a turning point as it was one of the warmest years on record. The global temperature had risen about 0.8 degrees Celsius. From 2015 to 2018 which the warming trend continued during these years, with each year typically warmer than the last. This period was marked by numerous weather anomalies and extreme events, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms, which are believed to have been exacerbated by the ongoing climate change. On 2019 which this year was the second warmest year on record, trailing only 2016. It concluded the warmest five-year period (2015-2019) ever recorded.. 

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[Audio] FROM 2020-2024 which The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reported that 2023 was the hottest year ever, and hotter by much more than expected. The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated that the world is not on track for where it needs to be. A course correction is urgently needed to limit warming to the 1.5 degrees Celsius set out in the Paris Agreement.. 

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[Audio] Do you know what is the causes of climate change?. 

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[Audio] There are many factors that contribute to climate change. One of them is from generating power activity. According to United Nation (2021) the generating power is using fossil fuels to generate power and heat which contributes significantly to global emissions. The majority of electricity remains produced by burning coal, oil, or gas, which emits greenhouse gases i.e carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, that blanket the Earth and trap the sun's heat. Wind, solar, and other renewable sources generate little more than a quarter of global electricity, and, unlike fossil fuels, release little or no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the atmosphere.. 

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According to United Nation (2021) the generating power is the use of fossil fuels to generate power and heat contributes significantly to global emissions. The majority of electricity remains produced by burning coal, oil, or gas, which emits carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, two potent greenhouse gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun's heat. Wind, solar, and other renewable sources generate little more than a quarter of global electricity, and, unlike fossil fuels, release little or no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the atmosphere.

[Audio] Other than that, do you know why deforestation happen? The direct cause of deforestation happen because agricultural development, wood extraction such as logging or harvesting wood for home fuel or charcoal, and infrastructure expansion, such as urbanisation. According to the 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment, more over 16 million acres of forest were lost globally in 2022, an area larger than West Virginia. The chief sources of forest degradation are logging, animal grazing, and road development. According to report from State of the Malaysian Rainforest 2023, Malaysia has earmarked 2.3 million hectares of forest for deforestation - an area larger than the size of Perak, Penang and Melaka combined and 100 times the size of Kuala Lumpur
In March 2023, environmental group RimbaWatch estimated that Malaysia's forest cover could decrease to 15,636,737 ha, or 47% of the total land area in the future.. 

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[Audio] The process of generating electricity from coal, gas, and fuel and transmitting it to consumers involves several steps which firstly, the Fuel Combustion: Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil are burned, releasing heat energy. This combustion process turns the stored solar energy in the fuels into thermal energy and releases it as heat. Secondly, the Steam Generation which the heat energy is used to boil water, creating steam. Thirdly, the Turbine Rotation which the steam produced is then used to turn turbines. In doing this, heat energy is transferred to kinetic energy.
Fourthly, the Electricity Generation which the turbines are connected to generators. As the turbines spin, they drive the generators to produce electricity. Lastly, the Transmission which the electricity generated is then transmitted through power lines to consumers.. 

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[Audio] Do you know why deforestation can make climate change?
The direct cause of deforestation happen because agricultural development, wood extraction such as logging or harvesting wood for home fuel or charcoal, and infrastructure expansion, such as urbanization. According to the 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment, more over 16 million acres of forest were lost globally in 2022, an area larger than West Virginia. The chief sources of forest degradation are logging, animal grazing, and road development.. 

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Why deforestation can make climate change?

The direct cause of deforestation happen because agricultural development, wood extraction such as logging or harvesting wood for home fuel or charcoal, and infrastructure expansion, such as urbanization.
 According to the 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment, more over 16 million acres of forest were lost globally in 2022, an area larger than West Virginia. The chief sources of forest degradation are logging, animal grazing, and road development.

[Audio] Secondly, cutting the down forests is other cause for climate change. Cutting down forests to create farms or to build massive development such as factory and residential areas, as well as other purposes, will increase emissions because cutting down trees will release the carbon that have been storing. According to UN 420 million hectares (one billion acres) of forest have been lost since 1990. Agriculture is the main reason for this. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, removing them reduces nature's ability to maintain emissions out of the air. According to United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) Deforestation, along with agriculture and other land use changes, is responsible for roughly 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions
According to report from State of the Malaysian Rainforest 2023, Malaysia has earmarked 2.3 million hectares of forest for deforestation - an area larger than the size of Perak, Penang and Melaka combined and 100 times the size of Kuala Lumpur
In March 2023, environmental group RimbaWatch estimated that Malaysia's forest cover could decrease to 15,636,737 ha, or 47% of the total land area in the future.. 

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Cutting down forests to create farms or to build massive development, as well as other purposes, increases emissions because cutting down trees releases the carbon they have been storing. According to United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP)  Deforestation, along with agriculture and other land use changes, is responsible for roughly 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation, together with agriculture and other land use changes, accounts for approximately one-quarter of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. According to report from  State of the Malaysian Rainforest 2023, Malaysia has earmarked 2.3 million hectares of forest for deforestation - an area larger than the size of Perak, Penang and Melaka combined and 100 times the size of Kuala Lumpur. In March 2023, environmental group RimbaWatch estimated that Malaysia’s forest cover could decrease to 15,636,737 ha, or 47% of the total land area in the future.

[Audio] Transportation activites and services is also main cause of climate change. According to Malaysia Stocktaking Report on Sustainable Transport and Climate Change by ASEAN-German Technical Cooperation (2022) CO2 emissions from the transport sector represented 28.8% of total fossil fuel combustion in Malaysia, which is well above the global average of 24.5% The transport sector contributes to 36.4% of the total final energy demand (23,555 kilotonnes of oil equivalent(ktoe) in 2018, which is the largest energy user in Malaysia. The vast majority, 85.2% of transportation emissions, comes from road transport. Malaysia still lacks behind when comes to efficient public transportation systems, resulting in an increased use of private vehicles while contributing greatly to carbon (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere.. 

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According to According to Malaysia Stocktaking Report on Sustainable Transport and Climate Change by ASEAN-German Technical Cooperation (2022)  (2022) CO2 emissions from the transport sector represented 28.8% of total fossil fuel combustion in Malaysia, which is well above the global average of 24.5%. The transport sector contributes to 36.4% of the total final energy demand (23,555 ktoe) in 2018, which is the largest energy user in Malaysia. The vast majority, 85.2% of transportation emissions, comes from road transport.. Urbanization is the major contributor to the increase in CO2 emissions followed by the carbon intensity of energy in the long-run. Malaysia still lacks behind when comes to efficient public transportation systems, resulting in an increased use of private vehicles while contributing greatly to carbon (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere.

[Audio] Next, I will explain about other cause of climate change which is waste management. According to Ecolife (2023) waste management is the collection, removal, processing, and disposal of materials considered waste. Waste materials can be solid, gaseous, liquid, or even hazardous and are generally generated through human activity. according to World Bank (2023), the global population is expected to produce 3.40 tonnes of solid waste by 2050. According to Star (2022) the daily waste generation in Malaysia increased from about 36,843 tonnes in 2018 to about 39,936 tonnes in 2022. The increase in waste generation is a significant challenge for the country's waste management system.. 

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4. Waste Management
 According to Ecolife (2023) waste management is the collection, removal, processing, and disposal of materials considered waste. Waste materials can be solid, gaseous, liquid, or even hazardous and are generally generated through human activity. according to World Bank (2023), the global population is expected to produce 3.40 tonnes of solid waste by 2050.  According to Star (2022) the daily waste generation in Malaysia increased from about 36,843 tonnes in 2018 to about 39,936 tonnes in 2022. The increase in waste generation is a significant challenge for the country’s waste management system.

[Audio] Actually there are many causes of climate risk but in this learning I will explain 5 only causes. So the last cause of climate risk is the use of hazardous chemical. According to Business Queensland (2020), hazardous chemical are substances that can cause adverse health effects such as poisoning, breathing problems, skin rashes, allergic reactions, cancer, and other health problems from exposure. Many hazardous chemicals are also classified as dangerous goods. These can cause fires, explosions, corrosion, and hazardous reactions if not handled safely. The examples of hazardous chemical are drugs, detergents, diesel fuels, flammable liquids. The chemical industry is responsible for high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. Addressing the emissions from the chemical sector is crucial for mitigating climate change and reducing its impact on human health and the environment. Hazardous chemicals are used in various industries such as manufacturing Many manufacturing processes involve the use of hazardous chemicals, such as solvents, acids, bases, and heavy metals.. 

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5. The use of Hazardous Chemical
 According to Business Queensland (2020), hazardous chemical are substances that can cause adverse health effects such as poisoning, breathing problems, skin rashes, allergic reactions, cancer, and other health problems from exposure. Many hazardous chemicals are also classified as dangerous goods. These can cause fires, explosions, corrosion, and hazardous reactions if not handled safely. The examples of hazardous chemical are drugs, detergents, diesel fuels, flammable liquids. The chemical industry is responsible for high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. Addressing the emissions from the chemical sector is crucial for mitigating climate change and reducing its impact on human health and the environment. Hazardous chemicals are used in various industries such as manufacturing Many manufacturing processes involve the use of hazardous chemicals, such as solvents, acids, bases, and heavy metals.

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undefined. COAL. OIL. GAS. BURNING PROCESS. 

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[Audio] Furthermore, do you know why transportation can make climate change? The transport sector has a significant detrimental influence on the environment and human health. Transport accounts for over one-quarter of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, causing air pollution, noise pollution, and habitat destruction. The burning fossil fuels, such as petrol and diesel, emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are warming the Earth's atmosphere, creating climate change that we are already seeing. The transport sector contributes to 36.4% of the total final energy demand (23,555 ktoe) in 2018, which is the largest energy user in Malaysia. Carbon dioxide is responsible for 96% of greenhouse (GHG) emission in this sector.. 

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[Audio] Do you know why transportation can make climate change? According to European Environment Agency, the transport sector has a significant detrimental influence on the environment and human health. Transport accounts for over one-quarter of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, causing air pollution, noise pollution, and habitat destruction. The burning fossil fuels, such as petrol and diesel, emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are warming the Earth's atmosphere, creating climate change that we are already seeing. According to US Today (2019) The transport industry is partially to blame for environmental catastrophes, and Malaysia is ranked 25th among countries that emit the most carbon dioxide in the world.. 

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Why transportation can make climate change?

According to European Environment Agency, the transport sector has a significant detrimental influence on the environment and human health. Transport accounts for over one-quarter of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, causing air pollution, noise pollution, and habitat destruction.
 The burning  fossil fuels, such as petrol and diesel, emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are warming the Earth's atmosphere, creating climate change that we are already seeing.
 According to US Today (2019) the transport industry is partially to blame for environmental crisis, and Malaysia is ranked 25th among countries that emit the most carbon dioxide in the world.

[Audio] Do you know what happen when factory release carbon dioxide? The toxic substances and gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are generated through combustion and discharged into the atmosphere. This is because these gases may absorb solar energy, they have a direct impact on global temperature. In fact, it has been suggested that factories are responsible for up to two-thirds of the pollution that is causing climate change. Pollution from poisonous and dangerous elements in our environment threatens not only the planet's ecosystem, but also our own health. Human Activities and Emissions: The release of CO2 from industrial activities contributes to the overall increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. 

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WHAT HAPPEN WHEN FACTORY RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE?. 

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WHAT HAPPEN WHEN FACTORY RELEASE  CARBON DIOXIDE?

The toxic substances and gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are generated through combustion and discharged into the atmosphere. This is because these gases may absorb solar energy, they have a direct impact on global temperature.
  In fact, it has been suggested that factories are responsible for up to two-thirds of the pollution that is causing climate change. Pollution from poisonous and dangerous elements in our environment threatens not only the planet's ecosystem, but also our own health.
 Human Activities and Emissions: The release of CO2 from industrial activities contributes to the overall increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels

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[Audio] Do you know that Manufacturing industry contribute to climate change?
The manufacturing industry does contribute significantly to climate change. It accounts for about 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day. Globally, emissions from manufacturing come after electricity and heat production, transport, and construction (largely cement and similar materials. Among the major sources of emissions, the manufacturing and construction industries were the third largest contributor (Malaysia BUR3 UNFCCC Report, 2020). There are 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day. 

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[Audio] Do you know that manufacturing industry can contribute to climate change? According to AltEnergyMag, the manufacturing industry does contribute significantly to climate change. It accounts for about 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day. Globally, emissions from manufacturing come after electricity and heat production, transport, and construction (largely cement and similar materials. Among the major sources of emissions, the manufacturing and construction industries were the third largest contributor (Malaysia BUR3 UNFCCC Report, 2020). There are 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day. 

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Manufacturing industry contribute to climate change?

According to AltEnergyMag, the manufacturing industry does contribute significantly to climate change. It accounts for about 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day.  
 Globally, emissions from manufacturing come after electricity and heat production, transport, and construction (largely cement and similar materials.
 Among the major sources of emissions, the manufacturing and construction industries were the third largest contributor (Malaysia BUR3 UNFCCC Report, 2020).
 There are 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day

[Audio] What is the impacts of climate change?. 3. 

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[Audio] The impacts of climate change are 2023 was the warmest on record at about 1.5˚c above the pre-industrial period. Secondly, Carbon dioxide reached new highs at 415.7 parts per million in the atmosphere. Thirdly, Global sea ice extent dropped more than 4 million square kilometers below average. Other than that, Group sea levels rose strongly at 4.62mm compared to 2018 with 3.20m. Furthermore, Global ocean heat was the second highest on record, contributing to coral bleaching and mortality in tropical waters. Lastly, Severe droughts and floods displaced hundreds of thousands of people. 

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2023 was the warmest on record  at about 1.5˚c above  the  pre-industrial period.

Carbon dioxide reached new highs at 415.7 parts per million in the atmosphere.

Global sea ice extent dropped more than 4 million square kilometers below average.

Severe droughts and floods displaced hundreds of thousands of people

Group sea levels rose strongly at 4.62mm compared to 2018 with 3.20m

Global ocean heat was the second highest on record, contributing to coral bleaching and mortality in tropical waters.

[Audio] Do you what is the impacts of climate change in Malaysia? Temperature increase: In 2022, Malaysia experienced a rise in temperature, continuing the trend observed from 1970 to 2013, where the surface mean temperature increased by 0.14-0.25°C per decade. The average annual temperature was about 27.0 °C in the years after 1992 and about 27.5 °C in the last years before 20222. This indicates a slight increase of about 0.5 °C over the past 31 years. Floods: The floods in 2021 of December 2021, when roads turned to rivers, and homes were swept away or submerged by rising water which the disaster claimed 50 lives, at least 400,000 people had to be evacuated and financial losses were estimated at 6.1 billion ringgit (US$1.3 billion), according to a 2022 analysis by Serina Rahman, an environmental anthropologist. Sea level rise: The area affected by floods is projected to increase due to rising sea levels, possibly reaching 0.25 to 0.5 meters higher by 2100 in Peninsular Malaysia and potentially exceeding 1.06m in Sabah.. 

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The impacts of climate change in Malaysia

Temperature increase: In 2022, Malaysia experienced a rise in temperature, continuing the trend observed from 1970 to 2013, where the surface mean temperature increased by 0.14-0.25°C per decade. The average annual temperature was about 27.0 °C in the years after 1992 and about 27.5 °C in the last years before 20222. This indicates a slight increase of about 0.5 °C over the past 31 years.
 Floods: The floods in 2021 of December 2021, when roads turned to rivers, and homes were swept away or submerged by rising water which the disaster claimed 50 lives, at least 400,000 people had to be evacuated and financial losses were estimated at 6.1 billion ringgit (US$1.3 billion), according to a 2022 analysis by Serina Rahman, an environmental anthropologist.
 Sea level rise: The area affected by floods is projected to increase due to rising sea levels, possibly reaching 0.25 to 0.5 meters higher by 2100 in Peninsular Malaysia and potentially exceeding 1.06m in Sabah.

GLOBAL WARMING. TEMPERATURE SHIFTING. FLOOD. SEA RISE LEVEL. 

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[Audio] Do you know what is type of climate risk?. 

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[Audio] The first type of climate risk is physical risk. The physical risk is a direct impact on assets, financials, earnings, or reputation due to increased frequency or severity of adverse climate-related events.. 

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Direct impact on assets, financials, earnings, or reputation due to increased frequency or severity of adverse climate-related events.

Climate

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Welcome to our e learning on the climate risk and its impact.

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At the end of learning session you will able to understand what is climate change, THE CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE and the impact of climate change to us

Lets's start with the introduction to climate change

What is your understanding on climate change

Firstly, I will explain about the meaning of climate change. Based on definition by United Nations (2023) climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun's activity or large volcanic eruptions.
Climate change also a shift in global or regional climate patterns, particularly one noticeable from the mid to late twentieth century and mostly linked to higher amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by the usage of fossil fuels.

Next do you know why climate change happen? According to NASA (2023) the changes observed in Earth's climate since the mid-20th century are driven by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere, raising Earth's average surface temperature. 
Natural processes, which have been overwhelmed by human activities, can also contribute to climate change, including internal variability such as cyclical ocean patterns like El Niño, La Niña and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and external forcings such as volcanic activity, changes in the Sun's energy output, variations in Earth's orbit.

Do you know what is greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). 
WHAT IS GHG EMISSION? According to Britannica (2019), GHG is an abbreviation for "Greenhouse Gas". Greenhouse gases are gases that have the property of absorbing infrared radiation (net heat energy) emitted from Earth's surface and reradiating it back to Earth's surface, thus contributing to the greenhouse effect
greenhouse gas emissions is blanket the Earth, This is often referred to as the greenhouse effect they trap the sun's heat. 
This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth. 
When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the air. Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming. 
the average global temperature has increased by 1C. Warming above 1.5°C risks further sea level rise, extreme weather, biodiversity loss and species extinction, as well as food scarcity, worsening health and poverty for millions of people worldwide.

FROM 1900-2003 which on 20th century saw a significant increase in global temperatures and CO₂ emissions. 
Before the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), emissions were very low. However, with the increased use of fossil fuels to power machines, emissions rose to 6 billion tonnes of CO₂ per year globally by 1950.
 The amount had almost quadrupled by 1990, reaching a rate of over 22 billion tonnes per year.

FROM 2004-2013 which during this period, the average global temperature in 2013 was 58.3 degrees Fahrenheit (14.6 Celsius), which is 1.1 F (0.6 C) warmer than the mid-20th century baseline. 
The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the world emits over 34 billion tonnes of CO₂ each year. 
The International IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report highlighted that the area affected by drought increased, cold extremes became less frequent, heat waves became more frequent in most land areas, heavy precipitation events became more frequent in most areas, and intense tropical cyclone activity increased in the North Atlantic.

Now I will explain about climate change from 2014 to 2019. From 2014 which this year was a turning point as it was one of the warmest years on record. The global temperature had risen about 0.8 degrees Celsius. From 2015 to 2018 which the warming trend continued during these years, with each year typically warmer than the last. This period was marked by numerous weather anomalies and extreme events, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms, which are believed to have been exacerbated by the ongoing climate change. On 2019 which this year was the second warmest year on record, trailing only 2016. It concluded the warmest five-year period (2015-2019) ever recorded.

FROM 2020-2024 which The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reported that 2023 was the hottest year ever, and hotter by much more than expected. The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated that the world is not on track for where it needs to be. 
A course correction is urgently needed to limit warming to the 1.5 degrees Celsius set out in the Paris Agreement.

Do you know what is the causes of climate change?

There are many factors that contribute to climate change. One of them is from generating power activity. 
According to United Nation (2021) the generating power is using fossil fuels to generate power and heat which contributes significantly to global emissions. 
The majority of electricity remains produced by burning coal, oil, or gas, which emits greenhouse gases i.e carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, that blanket the Earth and trap the sun's heat. 
Wind, solar, and other renewable sources generate little more than a quarter of global electricity, and, unlike fossil fuels, release little or no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the atmosphere.

Other than that, do you know why deforestation happen? The direct cause of deforestation happen because agricultural development, wood extraction such as logging or harvesting wood for home fuel or charcoal, and infrastructure expansion, such as urbanisation. According to the 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment, more over 16 million acres of forest were lost globally in 2022, an area larger than West Virginia. The chief sources of forest degradation are logging, animal grazing, and road development.

According to report from  State of the Malaysian Rainforest 2023, Malaysia has earmarked 2.3 million hectares of forest for deforestation - an area larger than the size of Perak, Penang and Melaka combined and 100 times the size of Kuala Lumpur
In March 2023, environmental group RimbaWatch estimated that Malaysia's forest cover could decrease to 15,636,737 ha, or 47% of the total land area in the future.

The process of generating electricity from coal, gas, and fuel and transmitting it to consumers involves several steps which firstly, the Fuel Combustion: Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil are burned, releasing heat energy. This combustion process turns the stored solar energy in the fuels into thermal energy and releases it as heat. Secondly, the Steam Generation which the heat energy is used to boil water, creating steam. Thirdly, the Turbine Rotation which the steam produced is then used to turn turbines. In doing this, heat energy is transferred to kinetic energy.
Fourthly, the Electricity Generation which the turbines are connected to generators. As the turbines spin, they drive the generators to produce electricity. Lastly, the Transmission which the electricity generated is then transmitted through power lines to consumers.

Do you know why deforestation can make climate change?
The direct cause of deforestation happen because agricultural development, wood extraction such as logging or harvesting wood for home fuel or charcoal, and infrastructure expansion, such as urbanization.

According to the 2023 Forest Declaration Assessment, more over 16 million acres of forest were lost globally in 2022, an area larger than West Virginia. The chief sources of forest degradation are logging, animal grazing, and road development.

Secondly, cutting the down forests is other cause for climate change. 
Cutting down forests to create farms or to build massive development such as factory and residential areas, as well as other purposes, will increase emissions because cutting down trees will release the carbon that have been storing. According to UN 420 million hectares (one billion acres) of forest have been lost since 1990. Agriculture is the main reason for this. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, removing them reduces nature's ability to maintain emissions out of the air. 
According to United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP)  Deforestation, along with agriculture and other land use changes, is responsible for roughly 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions
According to report from  State of the Malaysian Rainforest 2023, Malaysia has earmarked 2.3 million hectares of forest for deforestation - an area larger than the size of Perak, Penang and Melaka combined and 100 times the size of Kuala Lumpur
In March 2023, environmental group RimbaWatch estimated that Malaysia's forest cover could decrease to 15,636,737 ha, or 47% of the total land area in the future.

Transportation activites and services is also main cause of climate change. 
According to Malaysia Stocktaking Report on Sustainable Transport and Climate Change by ASEAN-German Technical Cooperation (2022) CO2 emissions from the transport sector represented 28.8% of total fossil fuel combustion in Malaysia, which is well above the global average of 24.5% 
The transport sector contributes to 36.4% of the total final energy demand (23,555 kilotonnes of oil equivalent(ktoe) in 2018, which is the largest energy user in Malaysia. 
The vast majority, 85.2% of transportation emissions, comes from road transport.
 Malaysia still lacks behind when comes to efficient public transportation systems, resulting in an increased use of private vehicles while contributing greatly to carbon (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere.

Next, I will explain about other cause of climate change which is waste management. According to Ecolife (2023) waste management is the collection, removal, processing, and disposal of materials considered waste. Waste materials can be solid, gaseous, liquid, or even hazardous and are generally generated through human activity. according to World Bank (2023), the global population is expected to produce 3.40 tonnes of solid waste by 2050.  According to Star (2022) the daily waste generation in Malaysia increased from about 36,843 tonnes in 2018 to about 39,936 tonnes in 2022. The increase in waste generation is a significant challenge for the country's waste management system.

Actually there are many causes of climate risk but in this learning I will explain 5 only causes. So the last cause of climate risk is the use of hazardous chemical.
 According to Business Queensland (2020), hazardous chemical are substances that can cause adverse health effects such as poisoning, breathing problems, skin rashes, allergic reactions, cancer, and other health problems from exposure. 
Many hazardous chemicals are also classified as dangerous goods. 
These can cause fires, explosions, corrosion, and hazardous reactions if not handled safely. The examples of hazardous chemical are drugs, detergents, diesel fuels, flammable liquids.
 The chemical industry is responsible for high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. Addressing the emissions from the chemical sector is crucial for mitigating climate change and reducing its impact on human health and the environment. 
Hazardous chemicals are used in various industries such as manufacturing Many manufacturing processes involve the use of hazardous chemicals, such as solvents, acids, bases, and heavy metals.

Furthermore, do you know why transportation can make climate change? The transport sector has a significant detrimental influence on the environment and human health. Transport accounts for over one-quarter of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, causing air pollution, noise pollution, and habitat destruction. The burning  fossil fuels, such as petrol and diesel, emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are warming the Earth's atmosphere, creating climate change that we are already seeing. The transport sector contributes to 36.4% of the total final energy demand (23,555 ktoe) in 2018, which is the largest energy user in Malaysia. Carbon dioxide is responsible for 96% of greenhouse (GHG) emission in this sector.

Do you know why transportation can make climate change? 

According to European Environment Agency, the transport sector has a significant detrimental influence on the environment and human health. Transport accounts for over one-quarter of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, causing air pollution, noise pollution, and habitat destruction.

The burning  fossil fuels, such as petrol and diesel, emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are warming the Earth's atmosphere, creating climate change that we are already seeing.

According to U S Today (2019) The transport industry is partially to blame for environmental catastrophes, and Malaysia is ranked 25th among countries that emit the most carbon dioxide in the world.

Do you know what happen when factory release  carbon dioxide? The toxic substances and gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are generated through combustion and discharged into the atmosphere. This is because these gases may absorb solar energy, they have a direct impact on global temperature. In fact, it has been suggested that factories are responsible for up to two-thirds of the pollution that is causing climate change. Pollution from poisonous and dangerous elements in our environment threatens not only the planet's ecosystem, but also our own health. Human Activities and Emissions: The release of CO2 from industrial activities contributes to the overall increase in atmospheric CO2 levels, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels

Do you know that Manufacturing industry contribute to climate change?
The manufacturing industry does contribute significantly to climate change. It accounts for about 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day. Globally, emissions from manufacturing come after electricity and heat production, transport, and construction (largely cement and similar materials. Among the major sources of emissions, the manufacturing and construction industries were the third largest contributor (Malaysia BUR3 UNFCCC Report, 2020). There are 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day

Do you know that manufacturing industry can contribute to climate change?

According to AltEnergyMag, the manufacturing industry does contribute significantly to climate change. It accounts for about 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day.  

Globally, emissions from manufacturing come after electricity and heat production, transport, and construction (largely cement and similar materials.

Among the major sources of emissions, the manufacturing and construction industries were the third largest contributor (Malaysia BUR3 UNFCCC Report, 2020).

There are 19% of direct global emissions, and another 11% is from power used to manufacture the goods consumers use every day

The impacts of climate change are 2023 was the warmest on record at about 1.5˚c above the  pre-industrial period. Secondly, Carbon dioxide reached new highs at 415.7 parts per million in the atmosphere. Thirdly, Global sea ice extent dropped more than 4 million square kilometers below average. Other than that, Group sea levels rose strongly at 4.62mm compared to 2018 with 3.20m. Furthermore, Global ocean heat was the second highest on record, contributing to coral bleaching and mortality in tropical waters. Lastly, Severe droughts and floods displaced hundreds of thousands of people

Do you what is the impacts of climate change in Malaysia? Temperature increase: In 2022, Malaysia experienced a rise in temperature, continuing the trend observed from 1970 to 2013, where the surface mean temperature increased by 0.14-0.25°C per decade. The average annual temperature was about 27.0 °C in the years after 1992 and about 27.5 °C in the last years before 20222. This indicates a slight increase of about 0.5 °C over the past 31 years. Floods: The floods in  2021 of December 2021, when roads turned to rivers, and homes were swept away or submerged by rising water which the disaster claimed 50 lives, at least 400,000 people had to be evacuated and financial losses were estimated at 6.1 billion ringgit (US$1.3 billion), according to a 2022 analysis by Serina Rahman, an environmental anthropologist. Sea level rise: The area affected by floods is projected to increase due to rising sea levels, possibly reaching 0.25 to 0.5 meters higher by 2100 in Peninsular Malaysia and potentially exceeding 1.06m in Sabah.

Do you know what is type of climate risk?

The first type of climate risk is physical risk. The physical risk is a direct impact on assets, financials, earnings, or reputation due to increased frequency or severity of adverse climate-related events.