Civics chp 1 notes

Universal Adult Franchise Universal adult franchise means: Every Indian citizen 18 years and above has the right to vote. ➡️� Every vote has equal value. ➡️� No discrimination on: caste religion gender income education This is given in Article 326 of the Constitution. 2. Who cannot vote? ✅ A person: must be registered as a voter can be stopped from voting if convicted for serious crimes 3. Why Universal Adult Franchise is important ✅ It helps because: everyone is treated equal people choose their own leaders people can change leaders through elections citizens take part in solving problems representatives become answerable to people It is the cornerstone of Indian democracy. 4. What is an electoral system? ✅ An electoral system is the system through which: people vote ➡️� representatives are elected ➡️� governments are formed ➡️� India needs a strong system because: India is very large population is very high geography is difficult in many places 5. What is a constituency? ✅ A constituency is an area from which people elect one representative..

6. Who conducts elections in India? ✅ The Election Commission of India (ECI) conducts elections. It is: an independent constitutional body set up in 1950 7. Elections conducted by ECI ✅ ECI conducts elections for: Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha State Legislative Assemblies President Vice-President (Local body elections are done by State Election Commissions.) 8. Main work of the Election Commission of India ✅ ECI: fixes election dates registers political parties enforces the Model Code of Conduct supervises the entire election process 9. Structure of ECI ✅ Chief Election Commissioner Election Commissioners Chief Electoral Officer (state level) District Election Officer Returning Officer Electoral Registration Officer 10. Making elections accessible ✅ ECI takes special steps so that nobody is left out: voting from home for elderly and disabled braille voter cards wheelchairs and ramps postal voting for some voters.

polling stations even for very few voters 11. Secret ballot ✅ Secret ballot means: no one knows whom you voted for ➡️� This protects: freedom fairness privacy 12. NOTA ✅ NOTA means: None Of The Above ➡️� A voter can choose NOTA if they do not like any candidate. It does not change the result but shows dissatisfaction. 13. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) and VVPAT ✅ People vote using EVM. With VVPAT, a slip is shown so the voter can confirm their vote. 14. Model Code of Conduct (MCC) ✅ It is a set of rules for: political parties candidates leaders Main rules: no misuse of government resources no gifts for votes no abusive speeches no new schemes during elections elections must remain peaceful 15. Lok Sabha elections ✅ India has 543 Lok Sabha constituencies elected members are called MPs system used: First-Past-the-Post system ➡️� (the candidate with the highest votes wins).

16. MPs and MLAs ✅ MP: represents people in Parliament (national) MLA: represents people in State Assembly 17. Formation of government ✅ the party or coalition with majority seats forms the government its leader becomes: Prime Minister (at national level) Chief Minister (at state level) 18. Reserved constituencies ✅ Some Lok Sabha seats are reserved for: Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST) This ensures fair representation. 19. Rajya Sabha elections ✅ members are elected indirectly MLAs vote to elect them 12 members are nominated by the President it is a permanent house members have a 6-year term one-third retire every two years voting uses the single transferable vote system 20. Election of the President ✅ The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of: elected MPs elected MLAs Common people do not vote directly. 21. Election of the Vice-President ✅ The Vice-President is elected by: elected and nominated members of Parliament ✅ 22. Challenges of elections in India.

Main challenges: influence of money candidates with criminal records low voter turnout in cities lack of awareness 23. The way forward ✅ voters must be aware people must vote responsibly education and media should spread awareness youth participation is very important Final short summary ⭐ Universal adult franchise gives every adult citizen the right to vote. The Election Commission of India conducts free and fair elections. India follows a large and well-organised electoral system, but voters must remain aware and responsible to protect democracy..