Microsoft PowerPoint - Copy-of-Introduction-to-Algorithmics-and-Data-Structures.pptx

[Virtual Presenter] Introduction to Algorithmics and Data Structures Welcome to the fascinating world of algorithmics and data structures! This course will explore the fundamental building blocks of computer science, laying the groundwork for more complex applications. We'll delve into the history of computing, understand the basic concepts of algorithms and data structures, and learn how to apply them to solve real-world problems. OK by Omar Kemmar.

[Audio] What is Informatics? 1 Informatic=information + automatic Informatics focuses on the automatic processing of information, transforming raw data into meaningful insights. 2 The Power of Machines Machines play a crucial role in informatics, enabling the efficient manipulation and analysis of data, making them powerful tools for problem-solving. Such as: calculator, computer, phone, game, television, etc. 3 Data or Information Anything that a machine can process. Text, numbers, images, videos, etc. 4 Applications Across Domains Informatics finds applications in various fields, from healthcare and finance to engineering and entertainment, driving innovation and progress. 5 A Multidisciplinary Field Informatics integrates concepts from computer science, mathematics, statistics, and domain-specific knowledge to address complex problems..

[Audio] What is a Computer ? Hardware Software Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the Software refers to the programs and instructions that tell the hardware keyboard, monitor, and processor. what to do. A computer is a complex machine that processes information through a combination of hardware and software..

[Audio] Understanding the Components of a Computer Input Units Processing Unit Storage Units Output Units Input units allow us to The processing unit is the Storage units Output units display the interact with the brain of the computer. It permanently store data results of processing. computer, feeding it comprises the CPU for long-term access. They include monitors, data. They include (Central Processing Unit), They include hard drives, printers, speakers, and devices like keyboards, which executes SSDs, flash drives, and other devices that memory cards. mouse, scanners, and instructions, and present information to microphones. the user. memory (RAM), which temporarily stores data and instructions..

[Audio] The Binary System: The Language of Computers Computers process information using electrical signals, which can be either present or absent. This creates a binary system with two states, represented as 0 and 1. This binary language is fundamental to how computers store and process data, from CDs and hard drives to memory and processors. On a CD, information is represented by holes in the surface of the disc, which the computer reads as either a 1 or a 0. On a hard drive, information is stored magnetically on a spinning disk, with each magnetic field representing a 1 or a 0..

[Audio] The Binary System: The Language of Computers Representing Data Computers use the binary system, represented by 0s and 1s, to encode all information, from text and numbers to images and sound. The Bit The smallest unit of information is a bit, representing either a 0 or a 1, forming the foundation for all data representation. The Byte A byte consists of 8 bits, allowing for a wider range of values, from 0 to 255. Bytes are commonly used to represent characters, numbers, and other data elements. Encoding Information Information is encoded using various binary codes like ASCII for text, Unicode for wider character support, and binary representations for numbers and images..

[Audio] The Binary System: The Language of Computers Example of an image 10000110 00011000 10000010.

[Audio] A Glimpse into the History of Computing 1 The Vacuum Tube Era (1940s-1950s) Early computers relied on bulky vacuum tubes for processing information. These machines were large, expensive, and consumed significant power. Examples 2 The Transistor and Integrated Circuit Era (1950s-1970s) include ENIAC and UNIVAC. 3 The Internet and Web Era (1980s-present) The invention of transistors led to miniaturization and increased processing power. Integrated circuits further revolutionized computing, allowing for more complex functions on smaller chips. The development of the internet and the World Wide Web transformed communication and information access, leading to a connected global network. 4 Modern Mobility and Data Sharing (Present) Today, computing is characterized by portability, cloud computing, and interconnected devices. Mobile devices, smartphones, and the internet of things have become essential components of our lives..

[Audio] Introduction to Algorithms: The Heart of Computer Science Without algorithms, a computer is simply a complex machine, incapable of performing any useful tasks. Algorithms are the set of instructions that tell a computer what to do, how to process data, and solve problems. They are the foundation of computer science. origin of the terme algorithm The term "algorithm" is derived from the name Algoritmi (يمزراوخلا), which belonged to an influential mathematician in the 9th century named Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. He wrote a book called "Kitab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabala" which introduced methods of solving equations, and this work eventually gave rise to the term "algorithm" in modern computer science..

[Audio] Introduction to Algorithms: The Heart of Computer Science Everyday Applications Algorithms are everywhere in our daily lives. From following a recipe to changing a tire, we use algorithms to solve problems and achieve desired outcomes. Problem Solving Algorithms provide a systematic approach to problem-solving, breaking complex problems into smaller, manageable steps. They define a sequence of instructions for achieving a desired outcome. Computer Programs Algorithms are the foundation for computer programs. They are written in programming languages and translated into machine language for execution by computers. Efficiency and Optimization Efficient algorithms are crucial for minimizing time and resources used during program execution. Algorithms are designed to optimize performance and resource utilization..

[Audio] Trivial Examples of Algorithms Algorithms are everywhere, even in simple everyday tasks. Following a Recipe a recipe for baking a cake is an algorithm. It provides a set of instructions, including ingredients, steps, and order of operations, to achieve the desired outcome: a delicious cake. Another simple example is finding a specific book in a library. You might use a systematic approach, such as checking the Dewey Decimal System, to locate the book efficiently. This systematic approach, with its defined steps, is a basic algorithm..

[Audio] Key Features of a Good Algorithm Readability Easy to understand and follow, even for non-experts. Precision Each step is clearly defined, with well-defined inputs and outputs. Termination The algorithm should complete after a finite number of steps, avoiding infinite loops. Generalizability The solution should apply to a broad range of similar problems, not just a specific instance. Device Independence The algorithm should work on different systems and programming languages, without needing significant modifications. Conciseness Avoid unnecessary complexity, minimizing steps and focusing on essential elements. Efficiency Optimized for speed (execution time) and resource use (memory) to achieve optimal performance..

[Audio] Solving a Computer Problem: A Step-byStep Approach Analysis The first step is to analyze the problem, breaking it down into smaller, simpler subproblems. Define inputs, outputs, and intermediary steps clearly. Identify relationships between inputs and outputs. Programming Once the algorithm is clearly defined, it's translated into a programming language (e.g., Python, Java, C). This produces a source code file. Compilation The program is compiled into machine language (binary code), which the computer can execute. This results in an application that can be run on the computer. Execution The compiled program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor. The program performs the specified steps, processing input data and generating the desired output..

[Audio] Algorithm Development: A Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Analyze the problem 1. We start with problem analysis, breaking it down into manageable sub-problems. 2. For each sub-problem, the elements required to formulate a solutionmust be identified. Inputs: Specify the data required for processing. Outputs: Determine the expected results. Intermediates. 3. Determine the relationships that exist between these elements (between data and results), in terms of rules, formulas, mathematical equations, and processing methods..

[Audio] Example of algorithms Example1 1/2 Let's consider for example an algorithm that calculates the square of a given number. Input: the input data is a number (e.g., 5). Transformation/processing: the algorithm takes the input (number 5) and performs the specific operation (i.e., multiplies the number by itself). Output: the result of the calculation is the square of the input number, which, in this case, would be 25 (since 5 * 5 = 25)..

[Audio] Example of algorithms Example1 2/2 We could express this as an algorithm in the following way: Algorithm: Calculate the square of a number 1. Start. 2. Input the number (N) whose square you want to find. 3. Multiply the number (N) by itself. 4. Store the result of the multiplication in a variable (result). 5. Output the value of the variable (result), which represents the square of the input number. 6. End..

[Audio] Example of algorithms Example2 1/2 Suppose you want to add the numbers 345 and 278. You would follow a set of steps (i.e., the standard algorithm for addition): 1. Write down the numbers so the digits align. 2. Start from the rightmost digits (the ones place) and add them together: 5 + 8 = 13. Write down the 3 and carry over the 1 to the next column. 3. Move to the next column (the tens place) and add the digits along with the carried-over value: 4 + 7 + 1 = 12. Write down the 2 and carry over the 1 to the next column. 4. Move to the leftmost column (the hundreds place) and add the digits along with the carried-over value: 3 + 2 + 1 = 6. Write down the 6. The final result is 623.

[Audio] Exercise 1/3 Calculate the sum of the squares of two numbers (a²+b²)..

[Audio] Exercise 2/3 Calculate the sum of the squares of two numbers (a²+b²). 1. Calculate the square of the first number 2. Calculate the square of the second number 3. Calculate the sum of the two squares For the first sub-problem, calculate the square of "a": Inputs: a of type integer Output: x of type integer. Relation: x = a * a. For the second sub-problem, calculate the square of "b": Inputs: b of type integer Output: y of type integer. Relation: y = b * b..

[Audio] Exercise 3/3 For the third sub-problem, calculate the sum of the squares: Identify the inputs: x and y of type integer Identify the output: z of type integer Relation: z = x + y Algorithm Data Determine inputs : a and b of integer type. Specify output : z integer type. Determining intermediaries : x and y of integer type. Instructions x=a*a y=b*b z=x + y.