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Learning Objectives. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:. 

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By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Apply the hydrostatic pressure formula to problems involving blood pressure and IV fluid administration. Apply Archimedes' principle to buoyancy problems relevant to hydrotherapy. Use the continuity equation to explain changes in blood velocity in vessels of different diameters. Apply Bernoulli's principle to explain pressure changes during breathing and blood flow. Explain the clinical significance of viscosity and surface tension, including their role in respiratory distress syndrome.

Introduction. Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container. They include liquids and gases. In physics, fluid mechanics explains how fluids behave at rest and in motion.. 

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Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container. They include liquids and gases. In physics, fluid mechanics explains how fluids behave at rest and in motion.

Fluids are extremely important in medicine and human physiology, because the human body is mostly fluid-based:

• Blood circulation • Breathing (airflow) • Cerebrospinal fluid flow • Lymphatic flow • Intravenous (IV) fluid administration

• Blood pressure • Heart function • Oxygen transport • Drug delivery • Medical device operation (IV drips, ventilators, dialysis machines)

1. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the weight of the fluid above a given point.. 

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Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the weight of the fluid above a given point.

P = pressure ρ (rho) = density of fluid g = gravitational acceleration h = height/depth

• Pressure increases with depth • Deeper → higher pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure: Example. Given. A patient's IV bag is placed 1.2 m above the vein. Blood density is similar to water: ρ = 1000 kg/m³. 

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A patient's IV bag is placed 1.2 m above the vein. Blood density is similar to water: ρ = 1000 kg/m³

This pressure helps fluid flow into the bloodstream.

Clinical Application: Blood Pressure. CLINICAL APPLICATION. 

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Blood pressure is hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls.

Clinical Application: IV Drip. CLINICAL APPLICATION. 

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2. BUOYANCY. Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an object placed in it.. 

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Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an object placed in it.

A body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

Buoyancy: Example. Given. A patient submerged in water displaces 0.05 m³ of water.. 

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A patient submerged in water displaces 0.05 m³ of water.

This upward force reduces body weight in water.

Clinical Application: Hydrotherapy. CLINICAL APPLICATION. 

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• Arthritis • Stroke • Spinal injuries

• Reduces joint stress • Supports body weight • Improves mobility

Clinical: Floating Therapy and Lungs. CLINICAL APPLICATION. 

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Patients with back pain float in water tanks to relieve spinal pressure.

Lungs contain air → body becomes more buoyant in water.

3. FLUID FLOW CONTINUITY. The continuity equation states that for incompressible fluids, the flow rate remains constant.. 

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The continuity equation states that for incompressible fluids, the flow rate remains constant.

If area decreases → velocity increases.

Continuity: Example. Blood flows from a wide artery to a narrow artery.. 

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Blood flows from a wide artery to a narrow artery.

Clinical Application: Blood Circulation. CLINICAL APPLICATION. 

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• Narrows arteries • Blood velocity increases • Blood pressure rises

• Stroke • Hypertension • Heart attack

Clinical Application: IV Tubing. CLINICAL APPLICATION. 

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Narrow tubing increases flow speed variability and affects dosage delivery.

4. BERNOULLI'S EQUATION. Bernoulli's principle states that: as fluid velocity increases, pressure decreases.. 

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Bernoulli's principle states that: as fluid velocity increases, pressure decreases.

Energy in a fluid is conserved as: • Pressure energy • Kinetic energy • Potential energy

Bernoulli's Principle: Example. Air flows faster over an airplane wing → pressure decreases → lift is created.. 

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Air flows faster over an airplane wing → pressure decreases → lift is created.

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