Name: Digestive system
Uploaded: 2024-04-08
Duration: 4 min 18 s
Description: Module 22.6: The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder.

undefined. Module 22.6: The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder. 

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Module 22.6: The Pancreas, Liver, and 
Gallbladder

undefined. Overview of the Digestive System
• Accessory organs – not part of alimentary canal but assist in digestion in some way;
• located around alimentary canal; include –teeth, –tongue, –salivary glands, –liver, –gallbladder, and
– pancreas
– Food generally does not come into direct contact with accessory organs; teeth and tongue are exceptions. 

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Overview of the Digestive System
• Accessory organs – not part of alimentary 
canal but assist in digestion in some way;
•  located around alimentary canal; include 
–teeth, 
–tongue, 
–salivary glands, 
–liver, 
–gallbladder, and
– pancreas
– Food generally does not come into direct contact with 
accessory organs; teeth and tongue are exceptions

[Audio] The Pancreas Pancreas – gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions (Figure 22.20) Endocrine secretions – hormones insulin and glucagon; affect most cells in body Exocrine secretions –
– Enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of acinar cells – Released into ducts of pancreas that empty into alimentary canal. 

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The Pancreas
Pancreas – gland with both endocrine and exocrine 
functions (Figure 22.20)
• Endocrine secretions – hormones insulin and 
glucagon; affect most cells in body
• Exocrine secretions –
– Enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of acinar 
cells
– Released into ducts of pancreas that empty into 
alimentary canal

[Audio] The Pancreas (4 of 7)
Figure 22.20 Anatomy and histology of the pancreas.. 

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The Pancreas (4 of 7)
Figure 22.20 Anatomy and histology of the pancreas.

[Audio] The Liver and Gallbladder (1 of 21)
Pyramid-shaped liver is located in right upper quadrant just inferior to diaphragm surface; gallbladder is small sac on posterior side of liver; close anatomical and functional relationships (Figures 22.22–
22.26): Anatomy of liver – covered by thin connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum; composed of four lobes (Figure 22.22):. 

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The Liver and Gallbladder (1 of 21)
Pyramid-shaped liver is located in right upper quadrant just 
inferior to diaphragm surface; 
gallbladder is small sac on posterior side of liver; close 
anatomical and functional relationships (Figures 22.22–
22.26):
• Anatomy of liver – covered by thin connective tissue 
capsule and visceral peritoneum; composed of four lobes 
(Figure 22.22):

[Audio] The Liver and Gallbladder Figure 22.22a Gross anatomy of the liver.. 

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The Liver and Gallbladder
Figure 22.22a Gross anatomy of the liver.

[Audio] The Liver and Gallbladder Figure 22.22b Gross anatomy of the liver.. 

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The Liver and Gallbladder
Figure 22.22b Gross anatomy of the liver.

[Audio] The Liver lobule. The Liver lobule. 

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[Audio] The Big Picture of Digestion Process and enzymes will be covered in the Lab.. 

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The Big Picture of Digestion
Process and enzymes will be covered in the Lab.

[Audio] Diseases Of The Digestive System. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

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[Audio] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (G-E-R-D-): Definition: Chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing irritation and inflammation. Symptoms: Heartburn regurgitation difficulty swallowing chest pain. Treatment: Lifestyle changes medications surgery in severe cases.. 

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):
• Definition: Chronic condition 
where stomach acid flows back 
into the esophagus, causing 
irritation and inflammation.
• Symptoms: Heartburn, 
regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, 
chest pain.
• Treatment: Lifestyle changes, 
medications, surgery in severe 
cases.

[Audio] Peptic Ulcer Disease: Definition: Sores in the lining of the stomach esophagus or small intestine often caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria or prolonged use of NSAIDs. Symptoms: Abdominal pain bloating nausea vomiting bleeding. Treatment: Antibiotics proton pump inhibitors antacids lifestyle modifications.. 

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Peptic Ulcer Disease:
• Definition: Sores in the lining of 
the stomach, esophagus, or small 
intestine, often caused by 
Helicobacter pylori bacteria or 
prolonged use of NSAIDs.
• Symptoms: Abdominal pain, 
bloating, nausea, vomiting, 
bleeding.
• Treatment: Antibiotics, proton 
pump inhibitors, antacids, lifestyle 
modifications.

[Audio] Inflammatory Bowel Disease (I-B-D--): Definition: Chronic inflammation of the digestive tract including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Symptoms: Abdominal pain diarrhea rectal bleeding weight loss fatigue. Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs immunosuppressants biologics surgery in severe cases.. 

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):
• Definition: Chronic inflammation of 
the digestive tract, including 
Crohn's disease and ulcerative 
colitis.
• Symptoms: Abdominal pain, 
diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight 
loss, fatigue.
• Treatment: Anti-inflammatory 
drugs, immunosuppressants, 
biologics, surgery in severe cases.

[Audio] Irritable Bowel Syndrome (I-B-S--): Definition: Functional disorder characterized by abdominal pain bloating and changes in bowel habits without evidence of structural abnormalities. Symptoms: Abdominal cramping diarrhea constipation gas bloating. Treatment: Dietary modifications stress management medications to alleviate symptoms.. 

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):
• Definition: Functional disorder 
characterized by abdominal pain, 
bloating, and changes in bowel 
habits without evidence of 
structural abnormalities.
• Symptoms: Abdominal cramping, 
diarrhea, constipation, gas, 
bloating.
• Treatment: Dietary modifications, 
stress management, medications 
to alleviate symptoms.

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Digestive system

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The Pancreas Pancreas – gland with both endocrine and exocrine  functions (Figure 22.20)

 Endocrine secretions – hormones insulin and  glucagon; affect most cells in body 
 Exocrine secretions –
– Enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of acinar  cells – Released into ducts of pancreas that empty into  alimentary canal

avatar

The Liver and Gallbladder (1 of 21)
Pyramid-shaped liver is located in right upper quadrant just  inferior to diaphragm surface;  gallbladder is small sac on posterior side of liver; close  anatomical and functional relationships (Figures 22.22–
22.26):

 Anatomy of liver – covered by thin connective tissue  capsule and visceral peritoneum; composed of four lobes  (Figure 22.22):

The Liver and Gallbladder Figure 22.22a Gross anatomy of the liver.

The Liver and Gallbladder Figure 22.22b Gross anatomy of the liver.

The Big Picture of Digestion Process and enzymes will be covered in the Lab.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (G-E-R-D-):

 Definition: Chronic condition  where stomach acid flows back  into the esophagus
 causing  irritation and inflammation.

 Symptoms: Heartburn
  regurgitation
 difficulty swallowing
  chest pain.

 Treatment: Lifestyle changes
  medications
 surgery in severe  cases.

Peptic Ulcer Disease:

 Definition: Sores in the lining of  the stomach
 esophagus
 or small  intestine
 often caused by  Helicobacter pylori bacteria or  prolonged use of NSAIDs.

 Symptoms: Abdominal pain
  bloating
 nausea
 vomiting
  bleeding.

 Treatment: Antibiotics
 proton  pump inhibitors
 antacids
 lifestyle  modifications.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (I-B-D--):

 Definition: Chronic inflammation of  the digestive tract
 including  Crohn's disease and ulcerative  colitis.

 Symptoms: Abdominal pain
  diarrhea
 rectal bleeding
 weight  loss
 fatigue.

 Treatment: Anti-inflammatory  drugs
 immunosuppressants
  biologics
 surgery in severe cases.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (I-B-S--):

 Definition: Functional disorder  characterized by abdominal pain
  bloating
 and changes in bowel  habits without evidence of  structural abnormalities.

 Symptoms: Abdominal cramping
  diarrhea
 constipation
 gas
  bloating.

 Treatment: Dietary modifications
  stress management
 medications  to alleviate symptoms.