Climate Finance Academy 2022

abstract. Climate Finance Academy 2022. PRESENTATION ON WIND ENERGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FUTURE ENERGY OPTIONS, THE CASE STUDY OF GANSU WIND FARM IN CHINA.

Understands the importance of energy source Learn how to implement the energy source Identify the possible energy pros and cons Develop mitigation and adaptation strategies Take effective actions to mitigate climate change impacts.

A. PROJECT ANALYSIS 1. Environmental analysis 2. Economy 3. Social 4. Existing Projects 5. SWOT Analysis B. PROJECT PITCH 1. Project idea and potential success 2. Project Funding and Management 3. Youth Engagement 4. Impacts on five Ps 5. Review Mechanism.

The global warming caused by increasing carbon emissions has attracted widespread attention from the international community. Renewable energy consumption is considered as the main form of energy consumption in the future, ( Guo , R.; Yuan, Y.J 2020). Although the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed down global carbon dioxide concentration in 2020, the global temperature will still maintain an upward trend, ( Guo , R.; Yuan, Y.J 2020). The carbon emissions produced by renewable energy can be approximately ignored, and renewable energy is essential for regional sustainable development, ( Ummalla , M.; Samal , A. 2019 ). How to reduce carbon emissions in order to achieve the goal of global temperature control is the current concern of the international community. On account of the vital status of the energy supply system, developing renewable energy has become an important way to deal with increasing energy demand and climate change, ( Ummalla , M.; Samal , A. 2019)..

FOSSIL RESERVES AND RENEWABLE ENERGY AVAILABILITY OF CHINA As a responsible developing country, China promised to increase its nationally determined contribution, strive to peak in its carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, (Zhou, J.P 2013). To realize this goal, China proposed to build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. The system will control the total amount of fossil energy and improve the utilization of renewable energy to promote the reduction of carbon emissions, (Wang, L.P 2022). In 2020, China’s renewable energy development and utilization scale reached 680 million tons of standard coal, equivalent to replacing nearly 1 billion tons of coal, (Wang, L.P 2022). Scientific analysis of the role of renewable energy in carbon emissions is of great significance for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is generally believed to be the primary driver of global warming, which presents severe socioeconomic development challenges ( Florides and Christodoulides , 2009; Ghommem et al., 2012; Karl and Trenberth , 2003)..

China is the most populous developing country and the largest global carbon emitters (Olivier et al., 2014; Le Quéré et al., 2015). In 2017, CO2 emissions reached 9232.6 Mt in China, accounting for 27.6% of global emissions (up by 1.6% over 2016) (BP, 2018). According to the Paris Agreement, China has committed to reducing its emission intensity1 to 60–65% below 2005 levels by 2030 (NRDC, 2017). In 2010, China’s energy consumption per unit GDP was 0.875 tons of standard coal per 10,000 yuan , a decrease of 37% from 2005, 17 percentage points higher than that of the target, (NRDC, 2017). In addition, in 2015, China’s total energy consumption was 4.3 billion tons of standard coal, energy consumption per unit of GDP 0.624 tons of standard coal per 10,000 yuan , and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP 0.013 tons per 10,000 yuan . According to the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Energy Development”, although the total control target was not achieved, the energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 29% compared with 2010, 13% above the target, and the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP fell by 33% compared with 2010, which exceeded the target by 16%, ((NRDC, 2017)..

In 2019, China’s energy consumption per unit of GDP was 0.490 tons of standard coal per 10,000 yuan , down 21.4% from 2015, and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP was 0.010 tons per 10,000 yuan , down 25.6% from 2015 and 48.5% from 2005, which completed the target that “the carbon intensity in 2020 will be reduced by 40%-45% compared to 2005” ahead of schedule,((NRDC, 2017). This demonstrates that China's "top-down" energy policy has been beneficial in terms of reducing energy consumption and slowing the growth of carbon emissions..

Over the past century, global warming is a fact and China has been warming faster than the world average. The world average temperature rise within the past century was less than 1◦C, but for China, it was 1.3–1.6◦C according to the updated studies. China will be among the countries hardest hit by global warming and needs to do more to adapt to mounting climate hazards, according to a new report published this week by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Greater temperature rise leads to stronger impacts. In China, heat waves are increasing; severe rainfalls are increasing; light rainfalls are decreasing. China is already dealing with water scarcity, and climate change will only exacerbate this problem, affecting farming and people’s livelihoods, the report says. At the same time, global warming will also bring more extreme rainfall..

In China, rising temperatures will amplify heat stress and the urban heat island effect, harming humans and animals. Surface air temperature has increased in the past century all over Asia, causing stronger, more frequent, and longer heatwaves in South and East Asia, according to the report ( Xu , B.; Lin, B. 2017). Global warming will increase the risk of irreversible loss of terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems, affecting the survival of many fauna and flora species already under pressure. https://www.sixthtone.com/users/1004279/yuan-ye#. Observed biodiversity loss in China over the past three centuries includes the local extinction of some large and medium-sized mammals, caused by both climate change and human activities. In the ocean, the country’s severely damaged coral reef ecosystem is in dire need of restoration,.( Xu , B.; Lin, B 2017).. Suitable habitats for China’s iconic giant pandas could also shrink, according to one cited study. The moose, black muntjac, and Sichuan snub-nosed monkey among other species could also be threatened due to biodiversity and habitat loss under global warming, https://www.sixthtone.com/users/1004279/yuan-ye#..

Provide many economic benefits to neighboring communities; Direct employment opportunities. Revenue source for farmers and ranches. Increase local tax revenue Land lease payments More tourist attractions The GDP as at 2020 generated from Gansu was $14.72 trillion. Gansu has a population of 26 million ranking seventh largest in china Covering an area of 454300km. It is located in the fertile valley plains of the south and central sections there where irrigation is possible Traditionally Gansu has been an area of poverty due to the frequency of earthquakes, droughts and famines..

Gansu has a total population of 25,019,831 at the density of 55/km2. US$159 billion GDP (2020) GDP per Capita US$6,375 6.9% growth rate Source: 2020 Wikipedia Report Gansu has 7% Poverty rate (National Bureau of Statistics, Poverty Monitoring Report of Rural China 2018) Gender gap in the workforce – 24.5% of women work in agriculture than men with only 5.7%(World Bank Report 2019) 63.7% of women age over 15 work in informal sector than men with the ratio of 0.81 in 2017 (World Bank Report 2019).

Gansu Wind Farm (also named Jiuquan Wind Power Base) Introduction: 1 of 6 national wind power megaprojects (China) Location: Near Jiuquan City, Guazhou County (Thousand miles from high density port cities) Geography: Along Gobi Desert areas (NW of Gansu: an abundance of wind) Type: Onshore Developers: More than 20.

Gansu Wind Farm (also named Jiuquan Wind Power Base) Launch: Construction since 2009 Capacity: Below 40% utilization of the current 8 GW (as of 2015) Target: A planned capacity of 20 GW Facilities: 2012: Wind power coordinated control system ( ↑ stability) (adjust the output of 18 wind farms to meet the needs) 2017: Jiuquan - Hunan HVDC transmission line (2,383 km long connection to Hunan regional grid) Cost: 120 billion Chinese yuan (≈ $17.5 billion USD).

5. SWOT ANALYSIS. Strengths China has the most abundant reserves of raw materials in the world An abundance of wind in the northwest province of Gansu China has strong product manufacturing capabilities Weakness New energy is currently more expensive than traditional energy Inadequate long-distance transmission capacity Infrastructure development have not been kept up Opportunities Implementing a financial support policy of differentiated treatment China released a “retention and pressure“ policy for new energy enterprises (2015) Threats Electricity price factor Financial constraints Continuous g overnment support (favoritism toward coal).

Addresses the key cross-sectorial systems transitions required to address climate change, including sectorial systems related to food ecosystems, energy, infrastructure, mobility, cities, water, the manufacturing and services economy and the digital economy. Access to adequate and reliable electricity services is a necessary pre-condition for economic growth..

Climate change is a cross-cutting macro-economic issue, and climate finance is ‘strategic’ in the sense that it enables the delivery of multiple development outcomes such as food and water security, energy security, good health, employment, and other benefits. Climate finance can also support countries to deliver not only on SDG13 (Climate Action), but also on several other related SDGs. Without financial support for action to reduce risks from climate change, most SDGs may not be achieved. Main channels of Climate Finance – 1. Multilateral climate funds including. UNFCCC Funds 2. Bilateral public sources (OECD, DAC reporting) includes governments, national development financing institutions (DFIs) and more 3. Multilateral Development Banks 4. Domestic climate financing: public funds, public DFIs, private sector mobilization 5. Institutional investors.

Community engagement programs such as effective awareness. Through employment opportunities with skilled labour inputs; physical, technical, and managerial skills. Greater investment – Gansu Wind Project sees the involvement of more than 20 developers ( Alessia , 2021 Green Dealflow Report).

4. PROJECT IMPACTS. People Equal participation ( Mhairi , 2014 Climate Exchange Report) Improve livelihood Increase employment rate Poverty reduction.

Prosperity 145 gigawatts of electricity (Javier, 2017 The New York Times Report). Sustainable Development Goals 7 & 13 Achievement – affordable and clean energy. Greater investment and poverty reduction – 2.5billion RMB (2021, Beyondsun )..

Bilateral business agreement worldwide through Carbon Trade and/or promoting Green Procurement on environment and conservations – Tuas Power Group in Singapore, Ruyi Pakistan Energy (Carmen, 2021 Power Technology Report). Financing –International Finance Corporation (IFC) help finance China Wind Power Group; $95m(2022, World Bank Group Report)..

Pros and Cons of Wind Power. Positive Impacts. Clean energy Free fuel (renewable energy) source – 3.3% electricity generation in China (Javier, 2017 The New York Times Report) Cost-effective - $17.4 billion by 2020 (Javier, 2017 The New York Times Report).

Climate Change Overall reductions in carbon emissions Reduce high atmospheric temperature of global warming Gansu Wind Project offsetting 623, 000 of CO2 emissions a year (Carmen, 2021 Power Technology Report). Reduction of fossil fuel consumptions. Emerging markets – 14% market increase between 2010-2021 (2021, Global Data Report) Job creation Minimize public health/air pollution.

The review process will consist of three phases: Initiation, Research, and Report. The review process should occur within different time frames based on the project criticality and complexity. Specific technical procedures must be followed to ensure timely and effective review of the project deliverables. Quality Assurance issues can be addressed by implementing a disciplined review that correlates to the project life cycle. Internal research by the in-house team should be verified by a independent audit team with proper documented reporting. The End!.