carbon capture utilization ppt

Carbon Capture And Utilization Presented By Anjum Shahzad Abhijit Muraleedharan Course: Scientific, Economical, and Ecological Aspects of Energy Economy.

Introduction to CCUS ● Definition: CCUS is a technology to capture CO2 from sources or atmosphere and either utilize or store it. ● Importance: Essential for achieving global carbon neutrality. ● Application: Vital in hard-to-abate sectors like cement, steel, and chemical industries..

Power plants I Industry BECCS DACCS Source Capture/Separation Pre-combustion Post-combustion Oxyfuel combustion Compression Combined with subcritical liquetaction and pumping Supersonic shockwave Integrally Geared Centrifugal Purification Water removal technologies Oxyen removal technologies Capture Pipeline Ship Truck Tankers Transportation Chemicals use Fuels productionl Bio-utilization Enhanced oil recovery Utilization Ocean Storage Geological Storage Storage ect air capture is a process ofcapturing carbon oxide directly from the air, as an alternative to traditional, point-source CCS Carbon capture by permselective membranes is characterized by smaller footprint , simpler operation and less Methanol production has been identified as the most promising carbon conversion alternative, incraesing industrial value of carbon dioxide..

Global Carbon Capture Utilizations Development ● 60 commercial facilities announced; 26 operational. ● Applications: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), synthetic fuels, building materials..

Carbon Source: From Emission to Extraction Major emitters: ● Power plants (coal, gas) ● Heavy industry (cement, steel) ● BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) ● DACCS (Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage Advanced Insight: DACCS operates at low CO₂ concentrations (~400 ppm), requiring advanced sorbents and high energy input. BECCS: A negative emissions technology (NET), actively removing CO₂ while generating power.

Fossil Carbon Fossil Fuel Emissions Emissions 07 -116 197 189 IBO 190 Future Emissions 1000 1000 1000 1000 ooo 300 360 1956 • 1964 1953 Fossil Carbon Emissions 197S Projecto Emissions 100 100 Future Carbon Emissions 100 260 100 186 180 100 2077 2024 100 100 20 126 160 186.

CAPTURING CARBON There are essentially three ways to capture the carbon dioxide from a power plant. Before the fuel is burned precombustion After the fuel is burned, post combustion or By burning the fuel in more oxygen and storing all the gases produced as a result oxyfuel.

PRECOMBUSTION ● In pre-combustion capture, fossil fuel (usually coal, natural gas, or biomass) is converted into a mixture of hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) through a process called gasification or reforming. ● Then, the carbon monoxide is reacted with steam in a water-gas shift reaction, producing CO₂ and more H₂: CO+H2O→CO2+H2 ● The CO₂ is separated from the H₂ using physical or chemical absorption, and the H₂ is used as a clean fuel (e.g., in a gas turbine or fuel cell). Advantages ● Easier to separate CO₂ because it’s at higher pressure and concentration compared to post-combustion. ● Produces hydrogen, which is a clean energy carrier. ● Can be integrated with IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) power plants. Challenges ● Requires complex and costly infrastructure. ● Best suited for new-build plants rather than retrofitting existing ones. f f.

POSTCOMBUSTION In post-combustion capture, CO₂ is removed from the flue gas after the fuel (coal, natural gas, biomass) has been burned. It is typically used in conventional power plants and industrial processes. CO₂ is captured using chemical solvents, most commonly amines (like monoethanolamine - MEA). How It Works 1. Combustion: Fossil fuel is burned in air, producing CO₂, water vapor, and nitrogen. 2. Flue Gas Treatment: The exhaust flue gas (~10315% CO₂ for coal) is cooled and directed into an absorption column. 3. CO₂ Absorption: A liquid solvent (e.g., MEA) binds CO₂ chemically. 4. Regeneration: The solvent is heated in a stripper to release pure CO₂, and the solvent is recycled..

OXYFUEL In oxy-fuel combustion, fossil fuels are burned in pure oxygen (O₂) instead of air. This produces a flue gas rich in CO₂ and water vapor, without nitrogen from air. After cooling and condensing the water vapor, the resulting stream is nearly pure CO₂, which is easy to capture and compress. How It Works 1. Air separation unit (ASU) produces high-purity oxygen. 2. Fuel is combusted in oxygen, often with flue gas recycling to control temperature. 3. Flue gas (mostly CO₂ and H₂O) is cooled, and water is condensed. 4. The CO₂ is compressed and stored (or utilized). �㴹 Advantages ● Produces a high-concentration CO₂ stream, reducing separation costs. ● Compatible with coal and gas-fired power plants. ● Can also reduce NOₓ emissions due to absence of nitrogen..

TRANSPORTATION Once captured, CO₂ must be transported to storage or utilization sites. Typically moved by: ● Pipelines (most common) ● Ships ● Trucks or rail (for small volumes or remote areas) Shipping CO₂ ● Ideal for long distances and offshore storage. ● CO₂ is transported as a liquid at ~-50°C and 6 bar. ● More flexible than pipelines but costlier per unit volume. Importance in CCUS ● Reliable transportation is a critical link in the chain between capture and storage/utilization. ● Enables regional CO₂ hubs and cross-border decarbonization initiatives..

Where Does Captured CO₂ Go? Key Points: ● After capture and transport, CO₂ must be stored to prevent it from re-entering the atmosphere. ● Main storage types: Geological Storage ■ Deep saline aquifers (most potential globally) ■ Depleted oil & gas fields ■ Unmineable coal seams Mineralization ● CO₂ reacts with magnesium/calcium-rich rocks to form stable carbonates. Ocean Storage (experimental/controversial) ● Injection into deep oceans4not widely accepted due to ecological risks.

How It Works: ● CO₂ is injected underground at depths >800 meters. ● Under high pressure, CO₂ remains in supercritical state4dense like a liquid but flows like a gas. ● Stored CO₂ is trapped by: ○ Structural trapping (impermeable rock layers) ○ Residual trapping (CO₂ droplets in pore spaces) ○ Solubility trapping (CO₂ dissolves in water) ○ Mineral trapping (reacts to form solid carbonates) Advantages: ● Long-term, stable sequestration. ● Leverages existing oil & gas infrastructure..

Advantage Carbon Of Carbon Capture and Storage Climate Change Mitigation ● Reduces CO₂ emissions from power plants and industrial sources. ● Supports global efforts to stay below 1.5–2°C warming targets. �㳭 2. Enables Cleaner Use of Fossil Fuels ● Allows continued use of existing fossil fuel infrastructure while lowering emissions. ● Essential for hard-to-abate sectors (cement, steel, chemicals). �㻪 3. Supports Negative Emissions ● When combined with bioenergy (BECCS) or direct air capture (DAC), CCS can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere..

Disadvantage of Carbon Capture and Storage High Cost ● CCS technology is capital- and energy-intensive. ● Increases the cost of electricity or industrial processes by 20–80%. ● Requires subsidies or carbon pricing to be economically viable. 2. Energy Penalty ● Capture and compression of CO₂ consume 10–40% of a plant’s energy output. ● Leads to lower overall efficiency of power plants. Risk of Leakage ● CO₂ leakage from underground storage could reverse climate benefits. ● Long-term monitoring and regulation are essential. ● Risk of induced seismicity (earthquakes) in some geological formations.

Environmental Impact of Carbon Capture and Storage Positive Environmental Impacts �㰍 Climate Change Mitigation ● Reduces greenhouse gas emissions from major sources like power plants, cement, and steel industries. ● Helps limit global warming to below 2°C by supporting net-zero emission goals. �㰫 Air Quality Improvement ● Can reduce co-emitted pollutants (like NOₓ and SO₂) depending on the capture process. ● CCS systems often include scrubbers that clean flue gas before CO₂ removal. �㰱 Ecosystem Protection ● Indirectly helps reduce impacts like ocean acidification, melting glaciers, and biodiversity loss by lowering CO₂ emissions..