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https://www.menti.com/bcgyqw8sjd
The voting code is 4688 5373

bionanotechnology
protein
covid
protein system
genomics
drug delivery
virology engineering
in vitro fertilization
cancer
nanotechnology
cellular chemical balance
genetic engineering
signal transduction
genes Q)
c
gene expression
biotechnology
gene therapy

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To provide the molecular and cellular bases of life

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Week/Place 
Course Topic 
To Do 
Assignments & 
Deadline 
W1 
March 8, 2021 
ONLINE 
DNA replication 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W1 
 
W2  
March 15, 2021 
ONLINE 
DNA elasticity 
• Study lectures of W1 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W2 
 
W3 
March 22, 2021 
ONLINE 
DNA sequencing 
technologies I 
• Study lectures of W1-2 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W3 
 
W4 
March 29, 2021 
ONLINE 
DNA sequencing 
technologies II 
• Study lectures of W1-3 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W4 
 
W5 
April 5, 2021 
ONLINE 
Melting and other structural 
transitions in DNA 
• Study lectures of W1-4 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W5 
 
W6 
April 12, 2021 
ONLINE 
DNA nanotechnology 
• Study lectures of W1-5 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W6 
 
W7 
April 19, 2021 
ONLINE 
Driving forces in protein 
folding and binding I 
• Study lectures of W1-6 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W7 
 
W8 
April 26, 2021 
ONLINE 
Driving forces in protein 
folding and binding II 
• Study lectures of W1-7 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W8 
 
W9 
May 3, 2021 
ONLINE 
Allostery 
• Study lectures of W1-8 
• Read the lecture notes 
of W9 
 
W10 
May 10, 2021 
ONLINE 
Protein design I 
• Study lecture of W1-9 
• Read the lecture notes 
W10 
 
W11 
May 17, 2021 
ONLINE 
Protein design II 
• Study lectures of W1-10 
• Read the lecture notes 
W11 
 
W12 
May 24, 2021 
ONLINE 
Metabolic engineering 
• Study lectures of W1-11 
• Read the lecture notes 
W12 
 
W13 
May 31, 2021 
ONLINE 
Synthetic biology I 
• Study lectures of W1-12 
• Read the lecture notes 
W13 
 
W14 
June 07, 2021 
ONLINE 
Synthetic biology II 
• Study lectures of W1-13 
• Read the lecture notes 
W14  
 
 
The Course

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Ø Griffiths, J. B., 1990. Animal Cell Biotechnology, Vol 1-4; Eds. R. E.

Spier, Acad. Pres Inc. Freshney I. R. 1994. Culture of Animal Cells. 
Wiley Liss Inc. Neumann, K., H., A.Kumar, J. Imani, 2009.

Ø Plant Cell and Tissue Culture – A Tool in Biotechnology; Basics and

Application. Springer – Verlag , Berlin Heidelberg. George, E. F., M.A. 
Hall, G.-J.De Klerk, 2008.

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Homework 
A homework will be given. Details will be provided during 
the course. 
100 
25

The midterm exam will include all subjects covered up to 
date of the exam. The exact date of the midterm exam will 
be announced later.

Final Exam  
You will have a final exam covering all lectures. 
100 
40

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Ø PART IV: Applications in Bioengineering

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https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2000-mendel-s-principles-of-inheritance

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Seed shape, Seed color, 
Flower color, Pod shape

Round
Yellow
Purple
Inflated
Green
Wrinkled
Green
Wh ite
Constricted
Yellow

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https://www.dna-worldwide.com/resource/160/history-dna-timeline#2

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DNA and RNA are composed of 5 nucleotides:

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil

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1- The amount of A, T, C, G vary among species

2- The number of A is equal to the number of T;

The number of C is equal to the number of G.

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https://www.biography.com/scientist/rosalind-franklin

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962
was awarded jointly to Francis Harry Compton
Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh
Frederick
Wilkins
“for
their
discoveries

concerning the molecular structure of nucleic
acids
and
its
significance
for
information

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Staphylococcus pneumonia
2 strains: S type: form capsid, causes pneumonia.

the immune system, does not 
causes pneumonia.

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Cell
Nucleus
Chromosome
DNA
Gene
t of DNA}

https://www.civilsdaily.com/biotechnology-basics-of-cell-nucleus-chromosomes-dna-genes-etc/

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Ø DNA is a polymer of nucleotides (monomers).
Ø Formed by 4 bases:

Purines
Adenine
Deoxyribose
Guanine
Deoxyribose
Thymine
Deoxyribose
Pyrimidines
Cytosine
Deoxyribose

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Nucleotide
OH
—P —O CH2
HOCH2
5
H
3
OH
Nucleoside
Base
A, G, T, orc
Position of
HO
2
H
3
OH
Base
2
H
carbon
atoms
This group is OH
in RNA.
Phosphate
Sugar
Sugar
This group is OH
in RNA.

Nucleoside: Sugar + Base
Nucleotide: Phosphate + Sugar + Base

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5' end
5' end terminates
with phosphate group
5' end
Phosphate linked
to 5' carbon and
to 3' carbon
Phosphodiester
bonds
3' end
3' end terminates
with hydroxyl (—OH)
H
5'CH2
o
H
NH2
HO
3' end
H
5'CH2
OH
Figure 2.5 Three nucleotides at the 5' end of a single EX'lynucleotide strand. (A) The chemical
structure of the sugar—phosphate linkages, showing the 5'-to-3 orientation of the strand (the red
numbers are those assigned to the carbon atoms). (B) A common schematic Way to depict a
cleotide strand.

deoxyribose sugar forms a 
phosphodiester bond with 
the phosphate group of the

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5' end
5' end terminates
with phosphate group
N H2
5' end
Phosphate linked
to 5' carbon and
to 3' carbon
Phosphodiester
bonds
3' end
3' end terminates
with hydroxyl (—OH)
5'CH2 0
5'CH2
5'CH2
HO
3' end
Direction:
NH2
Figure 2.5 Three nucleotides at the 5' end of a single polynucleotide strand. (A) The chemical
structure of the sugar—phcxsphate linkages, showing the 5'-to-3' orientation of the strand (the red
numbers are those assigned to the carbon atoms). (B) A common schematic way to depict a polynu-
cleotide strand.

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(A)
Two hydrogen
bonds attract A and T.
—H
—c
—H
Deoxyribose
Adenine
Deoxyribose
H
Guanine
T
Deoxyribose
Thymine
Three hydrogen
bonds attract G and C.
H
N
c
H
Deoxyribose
Cytosine

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5' end
(terminates in
S' phosphate)
(6
HO
S' end
(terminates in
3' hydroxyl)
S' end
(terminates in
3' hydroxyl)
S' end
(terminates in
5' phosphate)
OH
p)
Figure 2.8 A segment of a DNA molecule,
showing the antiparallel orientation of the
complementary strands. The overlying blue
arrows indicate the 5'-to-3• direction of each
strand. The phosphates (P) join the 3' carbon
atom of one deoxyribose (horizontal line) to the
5' carbon atom of the adjacent deoxyribose.

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5' end
(terminates in
S' phos hate)
S' end
(terminates in
3' hydroxyl)
S' end
(terminates in
3' hydroxyl)
OH
o
Figure 2.8 A segment of a DNA molecule,
showing the antiparallel orientation of the
complementary strands. The overlying blue
arrows indicate the 5'-to-3• direction of each
strand. The phosphates (P) join the 3' carbon
atom of one deoxyribose (horizontal line) to the
5' carbon atom of the adjacent deoxyribose.

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of
O
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Phosphate
Deoxyribose
sugar
Base
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Phosphorus
C in sugar—
phosphate chain
Minor
groove
Major
groove
34 Å per complete
turn (10 base pairs
per turn)
D
eter
C and N in bases
Figure 2.6 TWO representations Of DNA, illustrating the three-dimensional structure Of the double
helix. (A) In a ribbon diagram. the sugar—phosphate backbones are depicted as bands. with horizon—
tal lines used to represent the base pairs. (B) A computer model Of the B form Of a DNA molecule.
The stick figures are the sugar—phosphate chains winding around outside the stacked base pairs,

around one another to 
form a double helix.

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TRANSCRIPTION
RNA PROCESSING
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
TRANSLATION
Nudear
envelope
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Potypeptide

TRANSCRIPTION
CYTOPLASM
TRANSLATION
Ribosome
Polypeptide

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Gene 3
DNA
template
strand
mRNA
TRANSLATION
Protein
A
u
c
G
c
G
A
U
A
U
A
T
u
c
G
G
c
G
G
Gly
G
c
A
T
U
c
c
Gene 1
Gene 2
A
A
Codon
Trp
Amino acid
Ser

Second mRNA base
8
0
UUIJ
UUC
I-JUA
I-JUG
CUIJ
CUC
CUA
CUG
AUC
AUG
GUIJ
GUC
GUA
GUG
Phe
Leu
Leu
lie
Met (M)
or start
Val
(V)
UCCJ
UCC
UCA
IJCG
CCU
ccc
CCA
CCG
ACU
ACC
ACG
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
Ser
pro
(T)
(A)
UAU
UAC
UAA
I-JAG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CAG
AAC
AAA
AAG
GAU
GAC
GAA
GAG
Tyr
(Y)
Stop
Stop
His
(H)
Gin
Asn
(N)
Lys
(K)
Asp
(D)
Glu
UGU
Cys
UGC
UGA
Stop
UGG Trp(W)
CGU
CGC
Arg
(R)
CGA
CGG
AGU
Ser
AGC
AGA
Arg
AGG
GGU
GGC
Gly
(G)
GGA
GGG
z

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DNA Quantity in the Cell During Cell Cycle

n= number of 
complete set of 
chromosomes

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5'
3'
3'
5'
(b) First, the two DNA strands are separated.
Each parental strand can now serve as a
template for a new, complementary
strand.

5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
(c) Nucleotides complementary to the parental
(dark blue) strand are connected to form the
sugar-phosphate backbones of the new
• daughter" (light blue) strands.

5'
3'
3'
5'
(a) The parental molecule has two complemen-
tary strands of DNA. Each base is paired by
hydrogen bonding with its specific partner,
A with T and G with C.

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First
replication
Second
replication
Parent cell
(a) Conservative model.
The two parental
strands reassociate
after acting as
templates for new
strands, thus
restoring the
parental double
helix.
(b) Semiconservative model.
The two strands
of the parental
molecule separate,
and each functions
as a template for
synthesis of a new,
complementary
strand.
(c) Dispersive model.
Each strand of
both daughter
molecules con-
tains a mixture of
old and newly
synthesized DNA.

BNG5113 - Lecture 1

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