Slide 1

[Virtual Presenter] We will begin by discussing the various components of the circulatory system. The circulatory system consists of the heart blood vessels and blood. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body while the blood vessels carry blood to and from the heart. Blood is a fluid that carries oxygen nutrients and waste products throughout the body. The physical characteristics of the circulatory system include its elasticity flexibility and ability to bend and shape to fit the body's contours. The functions of the circulatory system include transporting oxygen nutrients and waste products to and from the body's cells tissues and organs. The circulatory system also plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature and fluid balance. Plasma proteins are the proteins found in plasma which is the liquid component of blood. These proteins help to maintain fluid balance and support the body's immune system. Blood pH is the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. It is maintained within a narrow range to ensure proper functioning of the body's cells tissues and organs. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that drives fluid movement across cell membranes. It is regulated by the concentration of solutes in the fluid. Buffers are substances that help to maintain pH balance in the body. They work by neutralizing excess acids or bases in the blood. In summary the circulatory system is a vital component of the human body responsible for transporting oxygen nutrients and waste products to and from the body's cells tissues and organs. It also plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature and fluid balance and supports the body's immune system through plasma proteins. Understanding the circulatory system can help us maintain our health and well-being..

[Audio] The circulatory system is made up of three key components: the pump the pipes and the liquid. These components work together to keep our body functioning properly. The pump helps circulate blood while the pipes provide a pathway for the blood to travel. The liquid of course is the blood that carries oxygen and nutrients to our cells. Together these three components are essential to our survival. So why is having a circulatory system so important? It's what allows us to transport the life-giving oxygen and nutrients to our cells. Without it our cells would not have the resources they need to survive..

[Audio] Blood is a vital fluid that connects cells and tissues in the body. It plays a crucial role in our body's functioning. Blood is made up of plasma and formed elements. Formed elements include red and white blood cells and platelets. These cells help carry oxygen and nutrients to our body's cells and remove waste products. Without a circulatory system our cells would not be able to receive the necessary nutrients and oxygen and waste products would build up leading to illness and disease. Therefore the circulatory system is essential to our body's health and well-being..

Components of Blood.

[Audio] When there is an abundance of oxygen the blood takes on a bright red color. For example a person who has just eaten a meal with a lot of red meat may have bright red blood due to increased oxygen intake. Similarly when there is a lack of oxygen in the blood it becomes dark red. This can occur in someone who has been exercising heavily for a prolonged period of time as the increased oxygen demand and depletion can result in dark red blood..

[Audio] Blood is a fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is made up of various components including red blood cells white blood cells and platelets. These components can clump together and make it difficult for blood to flow. This can lead to peripheral artery disease a condition characterized by the narrowing of arteries in the legs and feet. This can be caused by high blood pressure diabetes and smoking. Viscosity can be treated with medication lifestyle changes and surgical procedures. In summary viscosity is an important physical characteristic that impacts overall health and well-being..

Physical Characteristics.

[Audio] pH measures hydrogen ion concentration in the blood and ranges from 7 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral while pH greater than 7 is basic and pH less than 7 is acidic. pH plays a crucial role in the functioning of cells and maintaining homeostasis. Acidic conditions can harm cells and disrupt electrolyte balance while basic conditions can disrupt cellular processes. Therefore maintaining a stable pH balance in the blood is essential for proper functioning of the body's cells and systems..

[Audio] The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. It consists of the heart blood vessels and blood. The heart pumps blood to the rest of the body and the blood vessels carry the blood to every cell. The blood consists of two types: oxygen and nutrients. Oxygen is carried in the blood and nutrients are not. W and H are the two main components of the blood. W is responsible for carrying oxygen and H is responsible for carrying nutrients. The circulatory system is essential for the survival of the body as it allows for the transport of essential nutrients and oxygen to every cell..

[Audio] We will discuss the circulatory system and its importance in maintaining health and well-being. The circulatory system is made up of blood that carries oxygen nutrients and other important substances throughout the body. It plays a crucial role in regulating body fluids protecting us from pathogens and blood loss..

[Audio] The circulatory system is essential for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the cells and for removing waste products. Proper functioning of the circulatory system leads to health problems if it doesn't function properly. We will discuss the ways in which blood distribution helps maintain homeostasis in the various systems of the body..

[Audio] The circulatory system is vital for the proper functioning of the body. It is responsible for transporting essential nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and removing waste and carbon dioxide. One of the most important components of the circulatory system is Plasma. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that is responsible for carrying nutrients hormones and waste products. It makes up approximately 55% of blood and plays a critical role in maintaining the body's fluid balance. Plasma is also a universal solvent meaning that it can dissolve a wide range of substances. This allows the body to transport essential nutrients and waste products throughout the body..

[Audio] We will discuss the importance of a solid foundation for a successful business..

[Audio] We present two solutions separated by a semi-permeable barrier. Water can pass through the barrier but red particles cannot. The question on this slide is: Which direction will water flow? The answer is that water will flow from solution A to solution B where solution A has a higher concentration of solutes. Water molecules are constantly moving towards areas of lower concentration and the concentration gradient across the barrier creates a driving force for water to flow from solution A to solution B We will delve deeper into the concept of osmotic pressure and its role in the functioning of the circulatory system on the next slide..

[Audio] We can observe the after-effects of inadequate dietary protein in the image of the child with a swollen and distended belly. When the body lacks enough protein the liver cannot produce vital amino acids and hormones. This can result in a range of issues such as fluid retention and anemia. When the liver fails to produce sufficient amino acids the plasma in the body which is the clear watery liquid that carries nutrients and oxygen will become overloaded with waste products. The plasma will become thick and cloudy as a result leading to a range of health problems. The fluid in the plasma will tend to accumulate in different parts of the body including the heart and lungs. This can lead to health problems such as heart failure and respiratory failure. Overall a deficiency in dietary protein can have serious consequences for the body. It's imperative to consume enough protein to maintain good health..

[Audio] Plasma proteins are vital for several functions in the body. These proteins are involved in transport as they help to carry essential nutrients such as metal ions lipids and fat-soluble vitamins through the bloodstream. Additionally plasma proteins are involved in the immune response and they help to protect the body by neutralizing harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. One of the most important plasma proteins is antibodies which are produced by plasma cells during the immune response. Antibodies are responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign substances in the body such as bacteria and viruses. In conclusion plasma proteins play a critical role in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body and protecting the body from harmful pathogens. They are essential for the proper functioning of our circulatory system..

[Audio] Plasma proteins can be divided into different categories such as clotting proteins enzymes hormones antibodies and complement proteins. While clotting proteins assist in forming blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding enzymes help in breaking down other proteins. Hormones act as messengers between cells and antibodies and complement proteins are critical for maintaining overall health..

[Audio] Buffers play a critical role in maintaining fluid balance and regulating pH levels in the body. Prominent plasma buffers include albumin and bicarbonate (H-C-O-3-). Albumin is a type of protein that helps to maintain fluid balance and regulate pH levels in the blood. Bicarbonate (H-C-O-3-) is a type of acid that helps to maintain pH balance in the blood. In conclusion buffers are necessary for the proper functioning of the circulatory system and the maintenance of the body's fluid balance and pH levels..

[Audio] To understand the importance of maintaining pH balance we can examine the following scenario. Suppose we have two solutions A and B with different pH levels. Solution A has a pH of 4.0 while Solution B has a pH of 5.0. Adding 10mL of HCl to Solution A reduces its pH by 4 units to 0.0 and adding 10mL of HCl to Solution B reduces its pH by 1 unit to 4.0. Comparing the two solutions enables us to determine the better buffer. A buffer is a substance that can absorb or release hydrogen ions (protons) to maintain a stable pH level. In this case Solution A has a pH of 0.0 which is not very stable. In contrast Solution B has a pH of 4.0 which is more stable. Therefore Solution B is the better buffer in this scenario. In summary the circulatory system plays a critical role in maintaining pH balance within the body. By transporting oxygen nutrients and waste products it helps ensure that the body's cells can function properly and that the overall health of the body is maintained..

[Audio] Red blood cells one of the circulatory system's key components are small and can travel through narrow blood vessels. These cells carry oxygen efficiently and effectively enabling the body's cells and tissues to function properly..

[Audio] Our circulatory system is designed to transport oxygen and nutrients to our cells. Erythrocytes commonly known as red blood cells are a vital part of this system. These biconcave disks are filled with hemoglobin a protein that allows them to carry oxygen. Without oxygen our cells cannot survive. Erythrocytes are the primary means by which oxygen is transported throughout the body. They can squeeze through narrow spaces to reach even the most remote cells. In addition to oxygen erythrocytes also carry carbon dioxide a waste product that needs to be removed from the body. By doing so they help maintain a healthy balance within our body. The circulatory system plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of our body and erythrocytes as a key component are able to carry oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells and help remove waste products from the body..

[Audio] Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains iron which reversibly binds to oxygen. This protein is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout our circulatory system. As we inhale the iron in Hemoglobin picks up oxygen at the lungs and releases it when we exhale. Hemoglobin can exist in two forms Oxyhemoglobin and Reduced hemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin is the form that is fully saturated with oxygen while Reduced hemoglobin is the form that is not fully saturated. Additionally Hemoglobin can also have a carbon atom attached to it called Carbaminohemoglobin which allows it to transport carbon dioxide in the bloodstream..

[Audio] Examine the text on this slide. The text is written in a unique script and its meaning isn't clear without additional context. It's possible that this text represents a language or symbol system used by a specific species or culture. Proceeding to the next slide we'll explore the significance of the circulatory system and its impact on our overall health and well-being..

[Audio] Hemopoiesis is a vital process responsible for the production of all blood cells including red blood cells white blood cells and platelets..

[Audio] 1. Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced in the body. 2. It occurs in the bone marrow specifically in the marrow of the long bones. 3. The process of erythropoiesis is stimulated by a hormone called erythropoietin which is produced in the kidneys. 4. Stem cells in the bone marrow are transformed into erythroblasts which are red blood cell precursors. 5. These erythroblasts undergo a series of changes in their structure and function until they become mature red blood cells. 6. Mature red blood cells are then released into the bloodstream to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. 7. Overall erythropoiesis is a vital process that ensures the survival and proper functioning of the body's circulatory system..

[Audio] During hemocytoblast differentiation into a red blood cell the nucleus is removed hemoglobin is produced and the cell shape changes to disc shape..

[Audio] The circulatory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by increasing the ability of blood to carry oxygen to different parts of the body. This is achieved through enhanced erythropoiesis which increases the count of red blood cells. However sometimes our body faces hypoxia where the ability of blood to carry oxygen is decreased due to a decrease in red blood cell count hemoglobin or the availability of oxygen. The kidney and liver release erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells helping in increasing the ability of blood to carry oxygen and maintain homeostasis..

[Audio] Erythrocytes also known as red blood cells are born in the bone marrow and start their life cycle in our bloodstream. These cells are eventually swallowed by a macrophage a type of white blood cell. This process is repeated over and over again ensuring that our circulatory system continues to function effectively and efficiently..

[Audio] Hemoglobin and Heme play a crucial role in our body's ability to transport oxygen to our cells and organs. They are the main components of red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout our body. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that binds with oxygen molecules and carries them to our cells. Heme is a molecule that is the iron component of Hemoglobin which is responsible for binding the oxygen molecules. Without them our body would not be able to function properly. So we can say that Hemoglobin and Heme are the lifeblood of our body..

[Audio] Proteins found in red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin binds with oxygen and carries it to cells. The breakdown of oxygen to form carbon monoxide is crucial for the proper functioning of the circulatory system. The reuse and recycling of oxygen is important for maintaining health and functioning of the circulatory system. Without efficient oxygen transportation serious health issues could arise..

Heme Bilirubin Iron.

[Audio] Blood carries nutrients oxygen and waste products to all parts of the body. The proteins in our bloodstream such as transferrin assist in the transportation of blood. Our liver stores iron a key component of hemoglobin which helps in the efficient and effective circulation of blood and oxygen throughout the body..

[Audio] Bilirubin is an iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells. When red blood cells are destroyed bilirubin is released into the bloodstream. The liver is responsible for breaking down bilirubin into a compound called biliverdin. Biliverdin is then converted into bilirubin by bacteria in the gut. The liver produces bile albumin which carries biliverdin into the small intestine for excretion into feces and urine. When the liver cannot metabolize bilirubin it can lead to jaundice characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes..

[Audio] Our circulatory system plays a crucial role in removing waste and toxins from our body. It helps to deliver oxygen and nutrients to our cells which is essential for our survival. Without a healthy circulatory system our body would be unable to function properly. The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of blood oxygen nutrients and waste products throughout the body. It helps to maintain the body's overall health and well-being. We need to take care of it and make sure it is functioning properly..

[Audio] Bilirubin is a waste product that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. The liver is responsible for filtering bilirubin from the blood and excreting it in bile. However if the liver is not functioning properly bilirubin can accumulate in the bloodstream and cause harm to the body. In this case a circulatory system can help to transport bilirubin to the liver and other organs for processing and elimination. Therefore having a circulatory system is essential for the proper functioning of the body..

[Audio] Smoking a few packs a day for a few weeks will influence the levels of E-P-O red blood cells blood viscosity and the percentage of blood occupied by red blood cells and plasma. However smoking is not the only factor that can influence these levels. Factors such as age diet and physical activity can also impact these levels. It is crucial to understand the effects of smoking on the circulatory system and take preventative measures..

[Audio] White blood cells commonly known as leukocytes are the only formed elements in our blood that can fight off infections and illnesses. These cells are produced in the red bone marrow which is located in the pelvis and ribcage. The cells are derived from a type of stem cell called a hematopoietic stem cell which is found in the bone marrow. These stem cells are able to develop into different types of leukocytes including lymphocytes which fight off viruses and bacteria and granulocytes which fight off infection-causing bacteria and fungi. Overall leukocytes are a crucial component of our circulatory system as they help to protect us against disease and infection..

[Audio] The circulatory system is a vital component of the human body responsible for transporting oxygen nutrients and waste products throughout the body. One of the key components of this system are leukocytes or white blood cells which make up less than 1% of our blood. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining the body's balance of fluids and helping to fight off infections. Leukocytes are found in high numbers in the blood with an average of 5 000 to 10 000 per microL. They are mainly found in the spleen lymph nodes and bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from harmful substances and to fight off infections. They are divided into two main types: granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granulocytes are responsible for fighting off bacterial infections while agranulocytes are responsible for fighting off viral infections. The body relies on the circulatory system to transport oxygen and nutrients to its cells and to remove waste products. Without a circulatory system the body would be unable to maintain its balance of fluids or fight off infections..

[Audio] White blood cells play a vital role in the circulatory system. These cells have the ability to move into tissues and fight off infections and diseases. This process is essential in protecting the body from harmful microorganisms and preserving overall wellness..

[Audio] We want to understand the significance of a circulatory system..

[Audio] We will discuss the important functions of white blood cells in the human body during an infection. White blood cells play an essential role in the circulatory system and help keep the body healthy by preventing infections..

[Audio] Granulocytes have stained granules while agranulocytes do not. Both of these types of cells play important roles in the body's defense against infection and disease..

[Audio] White blood cells also known as leukocytes are a crucial component of our body's defense mechanisms. These cells are responsible for protecting our bodies against infection and are an essential part of our circulatory system. Neutrophils make up about 60% of all circulating white blood cells and are known as bacteria killers. They are polymorphonuclear leukocytes meaning they have the ability to change shape and move quickly to where the action is. Neutrophils can live up to a few days allowing them to travel throughout the body and provide protection where it is needed..

[Audio] Explore the role of eosinophils in our circulatory system. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's defense against parasitic worms. They are found in the blood and tissues and typically make up about 3% of our total white blood cell count. Eosinophils have a short lifespan living for an average of only 5 days. Despite their short lifespan eosinophils are an important part of our immune system helping to protect us against harmful parasites that can cause disease. Understanding the role of eosinophils in the circulatory system can help us appreciate the importance of our circulatory system in keeping us healthy and disease-free..

[Audio] Basophils are critical to the body's response to inflammation playing a role in protecting the body from infection and injury. They are known to die quickly and contain important components such as histamine and heparin. While historically these components have been associated with allergic reactions and other medical conditions recent research suggests that basophils may also be important in the body's defense system. Together these components help the body fight off disease and maintain overall health..

[Audio] We have learned that lymphocytes are white blood cells that play a vital role in the immune response. B lymphocytes although small in blood are abundant in tissues and can survive for years. They help protect the body from foreign substances by recognizing and neutralizing them. In summary B lymphocytes are a vital component of the immune system that protects the body from foreign substances..

[Audio] Monocytes make up approximately 6% of our blood. These cells play an important role in fighting infections and diseases. When an infection or disease is detected monocytes are called to the site of the problem to help fight it. Once the infection or disease has been defeated the monocytes will transform into macrophages. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that can live for months. Their ability to live for such a long time allows them to continue to fight infections and diseases in our bodies..

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