2.3 LIVING PROCESSES IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
- Farhah , Haseena , Keertiga , Kirtinyaa - - 4 Arif -
Multicellular organisms are organisms with more than one cell. Multicellular organisms are more complex than unicellular organisms. For example, fungi, hydra, spirogyra, animals and plants. Every cell is different in terms of size , shape , form , structure and function. Cells undergo differentiation to become specialised cells. In this process, cells change form and structure that suits its functions. All cells depends on each other to form one complex organism.
TYPES OF HUMAN CELLS
MUSCLE CELL
Arranged as multinuclear striated fibres Contract and relax to generate movement
NERVE CELL
Long and thin in shape Made up of nerves known as neurons 3 types of neurons: sensory, motor and relay neuron Send and receive bioelectrical signals to control bodily actions
WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
RED BLOOD CELL (RBC)
EPITHELIAL CELL
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SPERM CELL
Can change shape Functions in destroying pathogens
Doesn’t contain a nucleus Shaped as a biconcave disc Functions to optimise transportation of oxygen
Thin and flat cells Coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract Provides protection from infection, mechanical injury and dehydration
Has a long tail and high amount of mitochondria to enable it to swim towards ovum in the Fallopian tube The head carries a set of chromosomes from the male
TYPES OF PLANT CELLS
XYLEM CELL
Long, continuous hollow tube Vessel cells and tracheids transport water and mineral nutrients from roots to other parts of plant
GUARD CELL
Modified lower epidermal cells below the surface of leaves Bean-shaped and exist in pairs Contains chloroplasts Controls opening of stoma
PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELL
SIEVE TUBE ELEMENT
SPONGY MESOPHYLL CELL
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ROOT HAIR CELL
Cylindrical, packed tightly and arranged vertically to maximise light absorption Contains many chloroplasts
Long cylindrical tubes arranged from end to end Transports organic materials from leaves to storage organs such as fruits
Cylindrical cells, loosely arranged with lots of air space in between Allows gaseous exchange
A modified epidermal cell Has a long projection which adds surface area for absorption of water and mineral salts
TISSUES
Group of cells that have the same structure and function and are arranged together to carry out a specific function. 4 types of tissue in humans Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue Connective tissue
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Layers the outer surfaces (skin) and hollow surfaces in the body (digestive tract and respiratory tract) Undergoes structural modification to form glands for mucus secretion The epithelial tissue structure is adapted based on its function Epithelial tissues that coats the trachea have hair-like projections, known as cilia
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the mouth and oesophagus
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Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the lungs , body cavities and blood vessels
Covers the surface of the trachea and bronchus Cilia filters dust Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap air particles
Lines tubules , glands and kidney ducts Produces ATP so organs function properly Epithelial cells in kidneys aid in detoxification
Covers the small intestine Absorb nutrients Goblet cells are epithelial cells modified to secrete mucus Secrete digestive enzymes
MUSCLE TISSUES
SMOOTH MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
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CARDIAC MUSCLE
Found in the digestive tract , blood vessel , urinary tract and reproductive tract Involves in involuntary actions such as peristalsis along the alimentary tract Contracts slowly compared to skeletal muscles but can remain contracted for a longer period of time
Found in the heart wall Contracts to pump blood the whole body Contractions are under involuntary control
Found in legs and hands Attached to the skeletal frame Contracts and relaxes to generate movement in bones and limbs Under voluntary control
Made up of nerve cells known as neurons Each neuron consist of a cell body and nerve fibre called dendrite and axon There are 3 types of neurons: sensory , motor and relay neuron Detects stimu li and sends bioelectrical signals (nerve impulses) to the muscles or glands Regulates and coordinates body actions
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NERVE TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
BLOOD TISSUE
Blood plays an important role in regulation, transportation and protection. Made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Produced in the bone marrow
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
These tissues form tendons and ligaments The tendon connects bones and muscles while ligaments connect bones to bones
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
BONE
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CARTILAGE
Links the epithelial tissue to the tissues below it Fixes the organs in their positions
Connective tissues keep fat under the skin dermis and the surface of all main organs Serves to insulate the body against heat loss
Forms the body frame Protects the internal organs Bone cells are embedded in a collagen matrix and strengthened with mineral deposits like calcium phosphate
Encloses bone tips Prevents the bone from wearing out Forms strong and flexible tissue, give structural form to ears and nose
PLANT TISSUE
Meristem Tissue
Permanent Tissue
Apical Meristem Tissue
Lateral Meristem Tissue
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Parenchyma Tissue
Collenchyma Tissue
Sclerenchyma Tissue
Xylem Tissue
Phloem Tissue
TYPES OF GROUND TISSUES
PARENCHYMA TISSUE
Functions to store starch, protein and water. Can carry out photosynthesis
COLLENCHYMA TISSUE
Functions is giving support to young, non woody stems (herbaceous plant)
SCLERENCHYMA TISSUE
Functions in providing support and mechanical strength to all mature parts of the plant
VASCULAR TISSUES
Vascular tissues are made up of xylem tissue and phloem tissue
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VASCULAR TISSUES
XYLEM TISSUE
Functions in transporting water and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant Ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support and mechanical strength to the plants
Functions in transporting organic matters such as sucrose from the leaves to all parts of the plants
PHLOEM TISSUE
Organelle concentration for specialised cells is dependent on the specific function of the cell . Cell function could be affected if there is a lack of the required organelles. Lack of ribosomes could affect protein synthesis resulting in interrupted production of enzymes, antibodies and hormones. Failure of the mitochondrion function or mitochondrion disjunction can cause stunted growth, weak muscles, hearing and vision problems. Tay-Sachs is a hereditary disease caused by the failure of enzymes to produce in the lysosomes. Tay-Sachs patients experience stunted growth and mental retardation . The digestive system and immune system would fail to function properly when there is a lack of lysosome which releases lysozyme in cells. In plant cells , low amount of chloroplasts would impede and slows down the photosynthesis rate of the affected plant.
Types of cell Sperm cell Muscle cell such as flight muscle cells in insects and birds Plant meristem cell Palisade mesophyll cell Spongy mesophyll cell Pancreatic cell Goblet cell in intestinal epithelium and respiratory tract Liver cell Cell Component found in Abundance Mitochondrion Chloroplast Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Function Requires a lot of energy to swim towards the uterus and Fallopian tube to fertilise the secondary oocytes Requires a lot of energy to contract and relax to enable movement and flight Requires a lot of energy to carry out active cell division process to produce new cells Absorbs more sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis Increases synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes Produces mucus Metabolises carbohydrates Detoxification of drugs and poison
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