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2.3 LIVING PROCESSES IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

-  Farhah ,  Haseena ,  Keertiga ,  Kirtinyaa  - -  4  Arif  -

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Multicellular organisms are organisms with  more than one cell. Multicellular organisms are more  complex  than unicellular organisms. For example, fungi, hydra, spirogyra, animals and plants. Every cell is different  in terms of  size ,  shape ,  form ,  structure  and  function. Cells undergo  differentiation  to become  specialised  cells. In this process, cells change form and structure that suits its functions. All cells depends on each other to form one complex organism.

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Arranged as multinuclear striated  fibres Contract and relax to generate movement

Long and thin in shape Made up of nerves known as neurons 3 types of neurons: sensory, motor and relay neuron Send and receive bioelectrical signals to control bodily actions

Can change shape Functions in destroying pathogens

Doesn’t contain a nucleus Shaped as a biconcave disc Functions to  optimise  transportation of oxygen

Thin and flat cells Coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract Provides protection from infection, mechanical injury and dehydration

Has a long tail and high amount of mitochondria to enable it to swim towards ovum in the Fallopian tube The head carries a set of chromosomes from the male

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Long, continuous hollow tube Vessel cells and  tracheids  transport water and mineral nutrients from roots to other parts of plant

Modified lower epidermal cells below the surface of leaves Bean-shaped and exist in pairs Contains chloroplasts Controls opening of stoma

Cylindrical, packed tightly and arranged vertically to  maximise  light absorption Contains many chloroplasts

Long cylindrical tubes arranged from end to end Transports organic materials from leaves to storage organs such as fruits

Cylindrical cells, loosely arranged with lots of air space in between Allows gaseous exchange

A modified epidermal cell Has a long projection which adds surface area for absorption of water and mineral salts

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Group of cells  that have the  same structure and function  and are arranged together to carry out a specific function. 4 types of tissue in humans Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue Connective tissue

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Layers  the outer surfaces (skin) and hollow surfaces in the body (digestive tract and respiratory tract) Undergoes  structural modification  to form glands for  mucus secretion The epithelial tissue structure is adapted based on its function Epithelial tissues that  coats the trachea  have hair-like projections, known as  cilia

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Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the  mouth  and  oesophagus

Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the  lungs ,  body cavities  and  blood vessels

Covers the surface of the  trachea  and  bronchus Cilia filters dust Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap air particles

Lines  tubules ,  glands  and  kidney ducts Produces ATP so organs function properly Epithelial cells in kidneys  aid in detoxification

Covers the  small intestine Absorb nutrients Goblet cells  are epithelial cells modified to  secrete mucus Secrete digestive enzymes

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Found in the  digestive tract ,  blood vessel ,  urinary tract  and  reproductive tract Involves in  involuntary actions  such as peristalsis along the  alimentary  tract Contracts slowly  compared to skeletal muscles but can remain contracted for a longer period of time

Found in the  heart wall Contracts to pump blood the whole body Contractions are under  involuntary control

Found in  legs  and  hands Attached to the skeletal frame Contracts and relaxes to generate movement in bones and limbs Under  voluntary control

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Made up of  nerve cells  known as  neurons   Each neuron consist of a cell body and  nerve  fibre   called  dendrite  and  axon There are  3 types  of neurons:  sensory ,  motor  and  relay neuron Detects stimu li  and  sends bioelectrical signals  (nerve impulses) to the muscles or glands Regulates and   coordinates body actions

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Blood plays an important role in regulation, transportation and protection. Made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Produced in the bone marrow

These tissues form tendons and ligaments  The tendon connects bones and muscles while ligaments connect bones to bones

Links the epithelial tissue to the tissues below it Fixes the organs in their positions

Connective tissues keep fat under the skin dermis and the surface of all main organs Serves to insulate the body against heat loss

Forms the body frame Protects the internal organs Bone cells are embedded in a collagen matrix and strengthened with mineral deposits like calcium phosphate

Encloses bone tips Prevents the bone from wearing out Forms strong and flexible tissue, give structural form to ears and nose

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Functions to store starch, protein and water. Can carry out photosynthesis

Functions is giving support to young, non woody stems (herbaceous plant)

Functions in providing support and mechanical strength to all mature parts of the plant

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Vascular tissues are made up of  xylem tissue  and  phloem   tissue

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Functions in transporting water and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant Ligneous xylem tissue wall provides support and mechanical strength to the plants

Functions in transporting organic matters such as sucrose from the leaves to all parts of the plants

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DENSITY OF CERTAIN CELL COMPONENTS AND SPECIALISED CELL FUNCTIONS

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Organelle concentration  for  specialised  cells is  dependent  on the specific  function of the cell . Cell function could be affected if there is a lack of the required organelles. Lack of ribosomes  could affect protein synthesis resulting in  interrupted production of enzymes, antibodies and hormones. Failure of the mitochondrion function or  mitochondrion disjunction  can cause  stunted growth, weak muscles, hearing and vision problems. Tay-Sachs  is a  hereditary disease  caused by the  failure of enzymes to produce in the lysosomes. Tay-Sachs patients experience  stunted growth  and  mental retardation .  The  digestive system  and  immune system  would fail to function properly when there is a  lack of lysosome  which releases lysozyme in cells. In  plant cells ,  low amount of chloroplasts  would impede and  slows down the photosynthesis rate  of the affected plant.

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Types of cell
Sperm cell
Muscle cell such as flight muscle
cells in insects and birds
Plant meristem cell
Palisade mesophyll cell
Spongy mesophyll cell
Pancreatic cell
Goblet cell in intestinal
epithelium and respiratory tract
Liver cell
Cell Component found in
Abundance
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Function
Requires a lot of energy to swim towards the uterus and Fallopian
tube to fertilise the secondary oocytes
Requires a lot of energy to contract and relax to enable
movement and flight
Requires a lot of energy to carry out active cell division process to
produce new cells
Absorbs more sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis
Increases synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes
Produces mucus
Metabolises carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poison