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Applications Of Bio-fertilizers In Plant Biotechnology.

Introduction. Biofertilizer Biofertilizer are substances that contain microorganisms, which when added to the soil increase its fertility and promotes plant growth. Microbial Types: Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium spp.) Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) Loose Association of nitrogen-fixing bacteria(e.g., Azospirillum ) Free-Living Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria(e.g., Azotobacter) Plant Biotechnology The application of scientific and technological methods to manipulate plants for the benefit of agriculture, including genetic engineering, tissue culture, and molecular breeding techniques..

Importance of Biofertilizer. Sustainable Agriculture Biofertilizers play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by promoting soil health and fertility without depleting natural resources. 2. Environmental Benefits The use of biofertilizers reduces the environmental impact associated with chemical fertilizers, minimizing soil and water pollution while fostering ecological balance. 3. Reduced Chemical Fertilizer Dependence Incorporating biofertilizers in agricultural practices decreases reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to cost savings for farmers and mitigating the negative effects of excessive chemical inputs..

[image] TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS Phototro hic bacteria Heterotrophic bacteria Nitrogen fixers m biotic Associative Non mbiotic Azotobacte- Bacillus Fun i Phosphate Solu bil izers and mobilizers Mycorrh izae Glomus Aspergi/f Gigaspora Penicilli BGA.

Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants. They infect the plant roots, leading to the formation of root nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs. 2. Non-Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azotobacter do not form symbiotic relationships with plants but contribute to nitrogen fixation in the soil, making atmospheric nitrogen available to plants. 3. Loose Association Nitrogen Fixation Loose association involves bacteria like Azospirillum that enhance nitrogen availability without forming structured symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

Mechanism Nitrogen Fixation. [image] Atmosphere rgamc N2 fixing bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Nitrate and nitrogenous organic compounds exported in xylem to shoot Denitrifying bacteria N03- Nitrifying bacteria.

Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Essential for plant growth, energy transfer, photosynthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. Insoluble forms in soil limit phosphorus availability to plants. 2. Solubilization Mechanism: PSB release organic acids (e.g., citric, gluconic acid) and enzymes (phosphatases). Break down insoluble phosphorus compounds into readily absorbable forms. 3. Promotion of Plant Growth: Enhanced phosphorus availability improves plant growth, root development, and crop yield. 4. Example: PSB species include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter. Exhibit the ability to solubilize phosphorus in diverse soil conditions..

Phototrophic Bacteria as Biofertilizers. 1. Photosynthetic Capability: Utilize sunlight for photosynthesis. Convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, enhancing carbon availability in soil. Contribute to nutrient cycling. 2. Nitrogen Fixation: Certain phototrophic bacteria, like cyanobacteria, fix atmospheric nitrogen. Provide plants with an additional source of essential nitrogen 3. Beneficial Interaction with Plants: Establish positive interactions with plants. Promote growth by: Increasing nutrient availability, Enhancing stress tolerance, Improving root development..

Phosphate Solubilizers and Mobilizers Fungi as Biofertilizers.

Application Methods of Biofertilizers:. 1. Seed Treatment: Apply directly to seeds before Planting. Facilitates early contact with emerging roots. Promotes symbiosis and nutrient exchange..

Benefits of Biofertilizers in Plant Biotechnology:.

Challenges and Limitations. Compatibility with Chemical Fertilizers: Challenge: Complex interactions between biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Implication: Striking the right balance is crucial to maximize benefits without causing adverse reactions for optimal crop performance. 2. Quality Control Issues: Challenge: Maintaining consistent quality and viability of biofertilizer products. Implication: Quality control challenges may impact the efficacy of biofertilizers, influencing their performance in the field. 3. Economic Considerations: Challenge: Assessing the cost-effectiveness of biofertilizers compared to conventional fertilizers. Implication: Economic factors may influence the widespread adoption of biofertilizers, especially in regions where affordability is a critical factor in farming practices..

Future Prospects:. Research and Development in Biofertilizers: Advanced Microbial Strains: Continued exploration of microbial diversity. Discovery of novel strains with enhanced nutrient-fixing and solubilizing capabilities. 2. Biotechnological Tools: Synthetic biology CRISPR-Cas9.

1.Udvardi, M., & Poole, P. S. (2013). Transport and metabolism in legume-rhizobia symbioses. Annual review of plant biology,64,781-805. 2. Kalayu, G. (2019). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms: promising approach as biofertilizers. International Journal of Agronomy,2019, 1-7. 3. Mohamed, E., Mohd Adnan, N. S., & Abd Talib, N. I. (2022). Bio-fertilizers application in agricultural biotechnology. 4.Stewart Jr, C. N. (Ed.). (2016). Plant biotechnology and genetics: principles, techniques, and applications. John Wiley & Sons..

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