Dna and rna the molecules of life

[Audio] Hello everyone,today we are going learn about dna and rna which store and carry genetic information in living organisms.".

[Audio] "DNA and RNA are known as nucleic acids. They are essential for storing and transferring genetic information from one generation to the next." Nucleic acids are complex molecules made of nucleotides. They play a central role in heredity and cellular function.".

[Audio] "DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher, but its double helix structure was revealed later by Watson, Crick, and Rosalind Franklin." The DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder. Its sides are made of sugar and phosphate, while the steps are formed by base pairs — adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine.".

[Audio] Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded and contains the sugar ribose. It replaces thymine with uracil, which pairs with adenine." "There are three main types of RNA. Messenger RNA carries genetic instructions, transfer RNA brings amino acids, and ribosomal RNA helps build proteins.".

[Audio] This table summarizes the key differences between DNA and RNA, including structure, sugar type, bases, and function.".

[Audio] DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself before a cell divides. This ensures each new cell gets a complete set of genetic instructions." In transcription, the information in DNA is copied into RNA. This is the first step in the process of making proteins.".

[Audio] "In translation, RNA directs the production of proteins by matching codons with specific amino acids in the ribosome." DNA carries hereditary information. Any small change, or mutation, in DNA can lead to variations among individuals.".

[Audio] "In biotechnology, DNA and RNA have many applications — from identifying individuals through DNA fingerprinting to developing RNA-based vaccines." Did you know that the DNA in a single human cell would stretch to about two meters long? That's how much information is packed into such a tiny molecule!".