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EFFECT OF RED CABBAGE EXTRACT ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KONJAC-BIOPOLYMER FILMS.
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CONTENTS. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENTS.
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INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1.
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Petroleum-based plastic (PE, PP, PVC) are widely used in packaging because it provide strong barrier and mechanical performance..
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Problem statement 2 : Although PVA is biodegradable, its use in food packaging is limited by high hydrophilicity and brittleness (Zheng et al., 2023). Blending PVA with KGM can improve film-forming ability and biocompatibility (Kaur et al., 2021), but performance and functionality remain challenging. Hypothesis : A PVA/Konjac composite can provide improved film performance compared to neat PVA through better polymer–polysaccharide interaction. Problem statement 3 : Most intelligent packaging indicators use synthetic pH dyes (e.g., bromothymol blue, bromocresol green, cresol red, methyl red) that raise concerns on toxicity, potential carcinogenicity, and low biodegradability (Szadkowski et al., 2021). RCE anthocyanins offer a safer natural indicator with clear pH-driven colour change and good availability (Abedi et al., 2022), but the effects of RCE incorporation on physicochemical and mechanical properties of PVA/KGM films are still underexplored. Hypothesis : Incorporating RCE into PVA/Konjac films will produce a safe pH-responsive indicator film, with an optimum RCE loading that maintains or improves key physicochemical and mechanical properties..
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Bug under magnifying glass with solid fill Hypothesis 1 RCE contains anthocyanins that show a characteristic UV–Vis absorption band in the visible region, and FTIR spectra will indicate functional groups consistent with anthocyanin-related compounds..
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SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY. The development of biodegradable PVA/KF films infused with RCE.
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[Audio] SO, THIS IS MY OUTLINE FOR CHAPTER ONE. LITERATURE REVIEW.
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SOURCE OF BIOPOLYMERS. BIOPOLYMER FILM. Biopolymers.
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Blended Biopolymer Films. (Zeng et al., 2023 ; Korkut, 2021 ; Salman & Hussein, 2024 ; Albdiry, 2023 ; Choudary et al., 2022 ; Ramesan et al., 2024 ; Chan & Tang, 2022 ; Abdullah et al., 2022).
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POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a semicrystalline, water-soluble synthetic polymer consist of a carbon backbone with hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to alternating carbon atoms. PVA typically produced through the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate..
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(Liu et al., 2020). KONJAC FLOUR (KF). Konjac flour is extracted from the tubers of Amorphophallus konjac produces a non-ionic polysaccharide referred to as konjac glucomannan (KGM). Backbone chain comprised by β(1→4)-linked D-glucose and D-mannose in a ratio of ∼1.6:1 with branching occurring at D-mannose residues through 1→3 linkages, approximately three for every ∼32 sugar residues..
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RED CABBAGE EXTRACT (RCE). (Khoo et al., 2017). Anthocyanins are one of the major natural pigments derived from plants. There are more than 30 anthocyanin pigments in RCE predominantly consisting of cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside in its non-acylated or acylated forms. The acyl moieties encompass various types of aromatic acid predominantly P-coumaric, sinapic and ferulic acid..
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(Dintcheva et al., 2020 ; Abdullah et al., 2022 ; Wang et al., 2025 ; Kumar et al., 2024 ; De Araújo et al., 2023 ; Rodrigues et al., 2021).
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Anthocyanin Integration in Films. (Abedi-Firoozjah et al., 2022 ; Wiczkowski et al., 2013).
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METHODOLOGY. CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 4. RESULT & DISCUSSION.
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INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT. pH meter. DSC. FTIR-ATR.