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What is File Sharing. File Sharing is a method of transferring data from one computer or device to another computer, a friend, or a team member in a different geographic location, etc. Files can be shared using a local network at the workplace or over the internet.. 

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File Sharing is a method of transferring data from one computer or device to another computer, a friend, or a team member in a different geographic location, etc. Files can be shared using a local network at the workplace or over the internet.

History of File sharing. Files were first exchanged on removable media. Computers were able to access remote files using filesystem mounting, bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1979), and FTP servers (1970's). Internet Relay Chat (1988) and Hotline (1997) enabled users to communicate remotely through chat and to exchange files. Files were first exchanged on removable media. Computers were able to access remote files using filesystem mounting, bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1979), and FTP servers (1970's). Internet Relay Chat (1988) and Hotline (1997) enabled users to communicate remotely through chat and to exchange files.. 

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Files were first exchanged on removable media. Computers were able to access remote files using filesystem mounting, bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1979), and FTP servers (1970's). Internet Relay Chat (1988) and Hotline (1997) enabled users to communicate remotely through chat and to exchange files. Files were first exchanged on removable media. Computers were able to access remote files using filesystem mounting, bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1979), and FTP servers (1970's). Internet Relay Chat (1988) and Hotline (1997) enabled users to communicate remotely through chat and to exchange files.

Types of file sharing. File transfer protocol programs (FTP):. 

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The most common file transfer system on the internet to date is known as the File Transfer Protocol or FTP. FTP is used to access or edit files among a set number of users with a password. The users can then gain access to the files shared from an FTP server site. Many FTP sites offer public file sharing or allow users to view or download files using a public password.

Peer-to-peer networks:. Peer-to-peer networking involves computer hardware and software to communicate without the need for a central server. This type of file sharing indicates the direction of digital files over a p2p network where the files are located on one’s computer and shared with other members rather than on the main server.. 

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Peer-to-peer networking involves computer hardware and software to communicate without the need for a central server. This type of file sharing indicates the direction of digital files over a p2p network where the files are located on one’s computer and shared with other members rather than on the main server.

Peer-to-peer networks. Strengths Weaknesses No need for a network operating system Because each computer might be being accessed by others it can slow down the performance for the user Does not need an expensive server because individual workstations are used to access the files Files and folders cannot be centrally backed up cheaper because there is no centralized server Every computer must do backups independently, and every machine must implement security measures independently. Much easier to set up than a client-server network - does not need specialist knowledge Ensuring that viruses are not introduced to the network is the responsibility of each individual user. 

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Strengths Weaknesses No need for a network operating system Because each computer might be being accessed by others it can slow down the performance for the user Does not need an expensive server because individual workstations are used to access the files Files and folders cannot be centrally backed up cheaper because there is no centralized server Every computer must do backups independently, and every machine must implement security measures independently. Much easier to set up than a client-server network - does not need specialist knowledge Ensuring that viruses are not introduced to the network is the responsibility of each individual user

Removable storage media:. Unlike RAM, this involves anything that can be physically removed from a device or computer. The user can transfer or insert files from their device onto the removable storage media and then physically hand it to whomever they would like to share the files with. These can include an FTP server for security purposes, asking for a valid login and password from others to allow access.. 

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Unlike RAM, this involves anything that can be physically removed from a device or computer. The user can transfer or insert files from their device onto the removable storage media and then physically hand it to whomever they would like to share the files with. These can include an FTP server for security purposes, asking for a valid login and password from others to allow access.

Online file sharing services:. Online file sharing services include web services that allow users to store or share data on the internet for personal or professional use. One member may upload photos, documents, PDFs, etc. to an online file sharing platform which allows others to download these files using the same platform.. 

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Online file sharing services include web services that allow users to store or share data on the internet for personal or professional use. One member may upload photos, documents, PDFs, etc. to an online file sharing platform which allows others to download these files using the same platform.

Benefits of File Sharing:. Simplified administration. 

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INTRODUCTION. Napster was an audio streaming service provider. It originally launched on June 1, 1999, as a pioneering Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing software service with an emphasis on digital audio file distribution. Audio songs shared on the service were typically encoded in the MP3 format. It was founded by Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker As the software became popular, the company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement. It ceased operations in 2001 after losing a wave of lawsuits and filed for bankruptcy in June 2002.. 

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Napster was an audio streaming service provider. It originally launched on June 1, 1999, as a pioneering Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing software service with an emphasis on digital audio file distribution. Audio songs shared on the service were typically encoded in the MP3 format. It was founded by Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker As the software became popular, the company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement. It ceased operations in 2001 after losing a wave of lawsuits and filed for bankruptcy in June 2002.

HISTORY. Although there were already networks that facilitated the distribution of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and Usenet, Napster specialized in MP3 files of music and a user-friendly interface. At its peak the Napster service had about 80 million registered users. Napster made it relatively easy for music enthusiasts to download copies of songs that were otherwise difficult to obtain, such as older songs, unreleased recordings, studio recordings, and songs from concert bootleg recordings. Napster paved the way for streaming media services and transformed music into a public good for a brief period of time.. 

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Although there were already networks that facilitated the distribution of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and Usenet, Napster specialized in MP3 files of music and a user-friendly interface. At its peak the Napster service had about 80 million registered users. Napster made it relatively easy for music enthusiasts to download copies of songs that were otherwise difficult to obtain, such as older songs, unreleased recordings, studio recordings, and songs from concert bootleg recordings. Napster paved the way for streaming media services and transformed music into a public good for a brief period of time.

NAPSTER. Strengths Weaknesses Using Napster Napster's strengths to consolidate and expand the market position. Napster Napster's can use two approaches - building on present strengths, or analyse the trend and build processes to two pronged market penetration approach. Building strategies based on consumer oriented product development and marketing approach. Napster Napster's should just get out of these business areas and focus on strength and threats box , or on weakness and opportunities box.. 

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Strengths Weaknesses Using Napster Napster's strengths to consolidate and expand the market position. Napster Napster's can use two approaches - building on present strengths, or analyse the trend and build processes to two pronged market penetration approach. Building strategies based on consumer oriented product development and marketing approach. Napster Napster's should just get out of these business areas and focus on strength and threats box , or on weakness and opportunities box.

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INTRODUCTION. Gnutella is a peer-to-peer network protocol. Founded in 2000, it was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later networks adopting the model In June 2005, Gnutella's population was 1.81 million computers increasing to over three million nodes by January 2006.In late 2007, it was the most popular file-sharing network on the Internet with an estimated market share of more than 40%.. 

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Gnutella is a peer-to-peer network  protocol. Founded in 2000, it was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later networks adopting the model In June 2005, Gnutella's population was 1.81 million computers increasing to over three million nodes by January 2006.In late 2007, it was the most popular file-sharing network on the Internet with an estimated market share of more than 40%.

HISTORY. The first client (also called Gnutella) from which the network got its name was developed by Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper of Null soft in early 2000, soon after the company's acquisition by AOL.. 

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The first client (also called Gnutella) from which the network got its name was developed by Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper of Null soft in early 2000, soon after the company's acquisition by AOL.

On March 14, the program was made available for download on Null soft's servers. The event was prematurely announced on Slashdot, and thousands downloaded the program that day.

The source code was to be released later, under the GNU General Public License (GPL); however, the original developers never got the chance to accomplish this purpose.

SCENARIO OF Gnutella protocol. Step0 : Join the network.. 

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A "Ping" packet is used to announce your presence on the network.

Other peers respond with a "pong" packet.

Also, forward your ping to other connected peers.

Pong packets come back via the same router.

SCENARIO OF Gnutella protocol. Step2 : Searching. 

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Gnutella "Query" ask other peers if they have the file you desire.

Peers check to see if they have matches & respond if they have matches and send packets to connected peers.

GNUTELLA. Strengths Weaknesses Fully decentralized High overhead. Search cost distributed. More network resource consumption & Low scalability No Central server Search time may be quite large Simple architecture nodes come and go often Processing at each node permits powerful search semantics. Sometimes, existing objects may not be able to locate due to limited TTL.. 

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Strengths Weaknesses Fully decentralized High overhead. Search cost distributed. More network resource consumption & Low scalability No Central server Search time may be quite large  Simple architecture  nodes come and go often Processing at each node permits powerful search semantics. Sometimes, existing objects may not be able to locate due to limited TTL.

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INTRODUCTION. The Internet has enabled us to do things we'd never dreamed possible just a couple of decades ago. In addition to e-mail, online auctions and access to the largest information database ever compiled, we can now swap music and movies with people all around the globe. This capability is called file sharing. One of the most famous file-sharing services, Napster, became hugely popular in the late '90s. Millions of people exchanged music over its servers until copyright-infringement lawsuits shut it down (it has since recreated itself as a pay-per-download service).. 

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The Internet has enabled us to do things we'd never dreamed possible just a couple of decades ago. In addition to e-mail, online auctions and access to the largest information database ever compiled, we can now swap music and movies with people all around the globe. This capability is called file sharing. One of the most famous file-sharing services, Napster, became hugely popular in the late '90s. Millions of people exchanged music over its servers until copyright-infringement lawsuits shut it down (it has since recreated itself as a pay-per-download service).

Just a few years later, a more wide-sweeping file-sharing network, Kazaa (or KaZaA) emerged. Kazaa enables its users to share not only music, but also movies, television shows and other types of digital information. Kazaa soon became the most popular file-sharing service on the Internet, with millions of users simultaneously sharing content.

But with unlimited file sharing comes the big question: Should users be granted unrestricted -- and free -- access to copyrighted movies, music and games? The recording and film industries continue to respond with a resounding "No." After being sued for copyright infringement by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the original Napster was forced to shut down; Kazaa now finds itself in similar hot water. So far, it has weathered the legal storm.

In this article, we'll find out exactly how Kazaa works, learn how its users share data across the Internet and examine why Kazaa has thus far survived the legal battle.

HISTORY. Kazaa were originally created and developed by Estonian programmers from BlueMoon Interactive including Jaan Tallinn and sold to Swedish entrepreneur Niklas Zennström and Danish programmer Janus Friis.. 

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Kazaa were originally created and developed by Estonian programmers from BlueMoon Interactive including Jaan Tallinn and sold to Swedish entrepreneur Niklas Zennström and Danish programmer Janus Friis.

Kazaa was introduced by the Dutch company Consumer Empowerment in March 2001.

Near the end of the first generation of P2P networks typified by the shutdown of Napster in July 2001. Skype itself was based on Kazaa's P2P backend, which allowed users to make a call by directly connecting them with each other.

Some have criticized the intrusiveness of "adware" embedded in free Kazaa clients.

LEGAL BACKGROUND. Originally typed as "KaZaA, " Kazaa Media Desktop is now more frequently written as "Kazaa" .. 

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Originally typed as "KaZaA, " Kazaa Media Desktop is now more frequently written as "Kazaa" .

It is a defunct peer-to-peer file-sharing program that used the FastTrack protocol and was run as Kazaa by Sharman Networks under license from Joltid Ltd.

By Atrinsic as a licensed legal music subscription service.

KaZaA. Strengths Weaknesses Better scalability. It can potentially spread viruses and any unlawful documents throughout the network. Tries to take into account node heterogeneity Peer’s Resources Super – peers may “serve” a lot! Tries to balance between search overhead & space needs. No real guarantees on search scope or search time.. 

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Strengths Weaknesses Better scalability.  It can potentially spread viruses and any unlawful documents throughout the network.  Tries to take into account node heterogeneity       Peer’s Resources Super – peers may “serve” a lot! Tries to balance between search overhead & space needs.  No real guarantees on search scope or search time.

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INTRODUCTION. BitTorrent is an ad-supported BitTorrent client developed by Bram Cohen and Rainberry, Inc. used for uploading and downloading files via the BitTorrent protocol. BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. It is often nicknamed Mainline by developers denoting its official origins. Since version 6.0 the BitTorrent client has been a rebranded version of μTorrent. As a result, it is no longer open source. It is currently available for Microsoft Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS and Android. There are currently two versions of the software, "BitTorrent Classic" which inherits the historical version numbering, and "BitTorrent Web", which uses uses its own version numbering.. 

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BitTorrent is an ad-supported BitTorrent client developed by Bram Cohen and Rainberry, Inc. used for uploading and downloading files via the BitTorrent protocol. BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. It is often nicknamed Mainline by developers denoting its official origins. Since version 6.0 the BitTorrent client has been a rebranded version of μTorrent. As a result, it is no longer open source. It is currently available for Microsoft Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS and Android. There are currently two versions of the software, "BitTorrent Classic" which inherits the historical version numbering, and "BitTorrent Web", which uses uses its own version numbering.

HISTORY. Programmer Bram Cohen designed the protocol in April 2001 and released a first implementation of the BitTorrent client on 2 July 2001.It is now maintained by Cohen's company BitTorrent, Inc.. 

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Programmer Bram Cohen designed the protocol in April 2001 and released a first implementation of the BitTorrent client on 2 July 2001.It is now maintained by Cohen's company BitTorrent, Inc.

BitTorrent. Strengths Weaknesses No Central server. If the file you are after has no ‘seeds’ , you will not be able to download it. If you suddenly are disconnected from the Internet, you will be able to complete the download once you’re back online. Malware risks. Files are easy to find and download. Most of the torrent files are known to contain copyrighted material. Faster download speed than the ‘traditional’ download process. Vulnerable to hack attacks.. 

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Strengths Weaknesses No Central server. If the file you are after has no ‘seeds’ , you will not be able to download it.  If you suddenly are disconnected from the Internet, you will be able to complete the download once you’re back online.  Malware risks.  Files are easy to find and download.  Most of the torrent files are known to contain copyrighted material. Faster download speed than the ‘traditional’ download process.  Vulnerable to hack attacks.

Group Members (Group Number : 04). E.D.S.R.Edirisingha	(22UG1-0791). 

ASSESMENT OF FILE SHARING