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Introduction to Computer Networks Lecture 1 Hend Saad.

Jaro education Introduction to COMPUTER NETWORKING: Understanding the Fundamentals.

Table of contents Overview of Computer Networks Definition, Key purpose Types of Networks (LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN) History of Computer Networking Client-server vs peer to peer 1 3 2 4.

Introduction to Computer Networks 1 A computer network is a system of two or more interconnected computing devices that share information and resources, such as printers, servers, and data, using communication protocols and physical or wireless transmission media. Networks facilitate communication, collaboration, and access to shared resources, forming the backbone of modern digital experiences, from personal devices to the global Internet..

Overview of Computer Networks A computer network connects two or more devices to share resources and information, using common protocols over physical (cables, fiber optics) or wireless (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) communication paths. Key components include nodes (computers, servers, printers), communication links (cables, airwaves), and networking devices (routers, switches). Networks vary in size, from small home networks to the global Internet, enabling applications like file sharing, email, and internet access, and forming the foundation for modern business and personal communication..

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Definition A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices (such as PCs, servers, smartphones, IoT devices) so they can communicate, exchange data, and share resources. • Devices in a network are called nodes. • They are linked using wired (Ethernet cables, fiber optics) or wireless (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G) connections. • Networks can range in size from a home Wi-Fi to the global Internet..

KEY COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK Network Links Communication Protocols Network.

Key Components of a Network Nodes Devices like computers, routers, switches, and servers. Links Physical (wired) or wireless connections between devices. Protocols Rules governing communication (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP)..

2. Key Purposes of Networks The key purposes of networks include resource sharing, such as hardware and software, allowing multiple users to access them efficiently. They enable communication and collaboration, facilitating the sharing of information and ideas through tools like email and video conferencing. Networks also provide access to information and services, like the internet and e-commerce, and allow for the centralized management of devices and resources..

Objectives of Computer Network Resource Sharing Resource Availability & Reliability Performance Management Cost Savings w o o Increased Storage Capacity Streamlined Collaboration & Communication Reduction of Errors Secured Remote Access.

2. Key Purposes of Networks Communication Email, instant messaging, VoIP, and video conferencing. Enables collaboration across the world in real time. Resource Sharing Sharing printers, storage devices, and applications across multiple users. Cost-efficient and reduces duplication of hardware/software. Data Storage and Access Centralized databases and cloud storage (Google Drive, Dropbox). Provides secure, scalable, and on-demand access. Security Controlled access to sensitive resources. Encryption, firewalls, VPNs, and authentication mechanisms protect information. Collaboration Tools like Google Docs, Microsoft Teams, Zoom rely on networks. Promotes teamwork and productivity regardless of location..

Servers and Clients.

Servers and Clients Server - A system that provides services to other systems in its network. There are file servers, boot servers, database servers, license servers, print servers Any computer that’s not a server is a client..

The client-server architecture refers to a system that hosts, delivers, and manages most of the resources and services that the client requests. In this model, all requests and services are delivered over a network, and it is also referred to as the networking computing model or client server network. client-server architecture.

Client and Server Roles A server host runs one or more server programs, which share their resources with clients. A client usually does not share any of its resources, but it requests content or service from a server. Clients, therefore, initiate communication sessions with servers, which await incoming requests..

Client-Server Communication The client sends a request, and the server returns a response. This exchange of messages is an example of inter-process communication. To communicate, the computers must have a common language, and they must follow rules so that both the client and the server know what to expect..

Dedicated Servers and Peers.

Dedicated Servers vs Peer to Peer ➢ In most networks, a server computer is a server computer and nothing else. It’s dedicated to the sole task of providing shared resources, such as hard drives and printers, to be accessed by the network client computers. This type of server is a dedicated server because it can perform no other task than network services. ➢ Some smaller networks take an alternative approach by enabling any computer on the network to function as both a client and a server. Thus, any computer can share its printers and hard drives with other computers on the network. And while a computer is working as a server, you can still use that same computer for other functions, such as word processing. This type of network is a peer-to-peer network because all the computers are thought of as peers or equals. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client.

Human resources Physical resources Resources The project team is responsible for the successful execution of the project. Our team is composed of experienced professionals with the necessary skills and expertise to complete the project on time and within budget Our project budget is $100,000. This budget includes all expenses associated with the project, including salaries and equipment. We have allocated these resources to ensure that we are able to complete the project within budget Our project requires a number of specialized pieces of equipment. We will be using [insert equipment and their functions]. All equipment is in good working condition and has been tested and calibrated prior to use Financial resources.

What Makes a Network Tick? To use a network, you don't really have to know much about how it works. Still, you may feel a little bit better about using the network if you realize that it doesn't work by voodoo. A network may seem like magic, but it isn't. The following list describes the inner workings of a typical network:.

8 What Makes a Network Tick? Router Network Cable Wireless access points Firewall ¯GS305 Switch Network Interface.

What Makes a Network Tick? 2XXX 2XXX Network Interface Inside any computer attached to a network is a special electronic circuit called the network interface. The network interface has either an external jack into which you can plug a network cable — or, in the case of a wireless network interface, an antenna. A network interface is the point of interconnection between a computer and a private or public network. Mars Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Neptune Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun.

The network cable physically connects the computers. It plugs into the network interface card (NIC) on the back of your computer. The type of network cable most used is twisted-pair cable, so named because it consists of several pairs of wires twisted together in a certain way Personnel costs refer to the expenses incurred in hiring, training and retaining staff for a company. This can include salaries, bonuses, benefits and other payroll-related costs Personnel costs Network Cable What Makes a Network Tick? Travel and miscellaneous costs refer to expenses related to any travel-related activities, such as conferences, trainings or business trips. It may also include office supplies, communications services, licenses and other miscellaneous expenses Travel and miscellaneous.

What Makes a Network Tick? Networks built with twisted-pair cabling require one or more switches. A switch is a box with a bunch of cable connectors. Each computer on the network is connected by cable to the switch. A network switch connects devices within a network (often a local area network, or LAN*) and forwards data packets to and from those devices. Outsourcing specific business functions (such as accounting or IT) to a third- party provider to reduce costs and increase time efficiency Implementing a cost-saving initiative, such as energy- efficient practices or process automation, to reduce expenses Network switch Solution 2 Solution 3 Launching an e-commerce platform to expand the reach of the business and increase online sales Establishing strategic partnerships with other businesses to gain access to new markets or innovative technologies Solution 5 Solution 6.

What Makes a Network Tick? Chart In a wireless network, most cables and switches are moot. Instead, radio takes the place of cables. The device that enables a computer to connect wirelessly to a network is called a wireless access point Wireless access points:.

Router A device found in nearly all networks is a router, which is used to connect two networks — typically your internal network and the Internet. What Makes a Network Tick?.

● A firewall is an essential component of any network that connects to the Internet. The firewall provides security features that help keep cybercriminals out of your network. A Firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies. At its most basic, a firewall is essentially the barrier that sits between a private internal network and the public Internet. What Makes a Network Tick? Firewall.

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Figure 1-3 shows a more complicated setup, in which the WAP is separated from the router. Here, the router with its built-in firewall connects to the Internet and to the switch. As before, several computers have wired connections to the switch. In addition, the WAP has a wired connection to the switch, allowing wireless devices to connect to the network. The Internet Wireless Access Point Firewall Router Switch FIGURE 1-3: A network with a separate firewall router, switch, and WAP..

03 Types of Networks The main types of computer networks, categorized by their geographical scope, are Personal Area Networks (PANs) for personal devices within a few meters, Local Area Networks (LANs) for homes and small offices, Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) for cities or large campuses, and Wide Area Networks (WANs) that span large regions, cities, or even the world, with the Internet being the largest example..

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LAN (Local Area Network) A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of interconnected computers and devices within a small, confined geographical area, such as a home, office, or campus, allowing them to share resources like files, printers, and an internet connection. LANs facilitate communication and resource sharing between connected devices, which can include PCs, servers, and IoT devices, using network hardware like Ethernet cables, routers, and switches..

In this type of network, computers are relatively close together, such as within the same office or building. . What makes a network a LAN is that all its connected computers are located within proximity. Local area networks (LANs).

Covers a small area (e.g., homes, offices, schools). Uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi for connections. Example: Home Wi-Fi, Office Networks Local area networks (LANs).

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A WAN (Wide Area Network) connects computer networks over large geographical distances, such as across cities, countries, or even the world, by interconnecting smaller networks like LANs (Local Area Networks). Businesses and organizations use WANs to connect geographically dispersed offices, data centers, and cloud services, enabling them to share resources and collaborate seamlessly across locations. Examples of WANs include private networks for businesses and the internet itself, the largest WAN. WAN (Wide Area Network).

It is called a wide-area network because it spans beyond a single building or large campus to include multiple locations spread across a specific geographic area, or even the world. Large geographic coverage (country, continent, global). Internet is the largest WAN. Uses leased telecom lines, satellites, or undersea cables. Wide area networks (WANs).

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Wide area networks (WANs) For example, a WAN may connect an office in San Francisco with an office in New York. The geographic distance, not the number of computers involved, makes a network a WAN. If an office in San Francisco and an office in New York each has only one computer, the WAN will have a grand sum of two computers — but will span more than 3,000 miles..

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers and local area networks (LANs) within a large geographical area, such as a city or a town. It is larger than a LAN but smaller than a wide area network (WAN) and provides high- speed, reliable data, voice, and video communication by often using fiber optic technology to interconnect multiple locations. ● You can explain what the topic is about here ● You can explain what the topic is about here ● You can explain what the topic is about here ● You can explain what the topic is about here ● You can explain what the topic is about here MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).

A (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. Covers a city or metropolitan area. Faster and larger than LAN, smaller than WAN. Example: City-wide cable TV network or municipal Wi-Fi. Metropolitan area networks (MANs).

A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) uses radio waves to connect devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or campus, providing a flexible and mobile network without physical cables. Wireless version of LAN. Wi-Fi hotspots at cafes, airports, homes. Allows mobile device connectivity without cables. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network).

PAN (Personal Area Network) A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a small-scale network of electronic devices, like smartphones, tablets, and wearables, within an individual's immediate workspace, connecting them wirelessly or via short-range wired connections. Common in personal use, it facilitates communication and data exchange, often using Bluetooth for short-distance connections, allowing users to manage and control their devices for tasks such as streaming audio or syncing fitness data..

4. Personal Area Network (PAN) Very small range (a few meters). Connects personal devices like phones, laptops, wearables. Technologies: Bluetooth, Infrared, USB tethering. Example: Smartwatch syncing with a phone, Bluetooth headphones..

Quick Example to Remember: •PAN = Your phone + smartwatch. •LAN = Your home Wi-Fi. •MAN = A university or city Wi-Fi network. •WAN = The Internet..

History of Computer Networking Understanding how networking evolved helps us appreciate today’s technologies and anticipate future trends. The history of computer networking began in the 1960s with the ARPANET project, pioneering packet switching and laying the foundation for the modern internet. Key developments include the invention of Ethernet by Robert Metcalfe in the 1970s, the creation of the crucial TCP/IP protocols for inter-network communication in the 1980s, and the birth of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in the 1990s, which made the internet accessible to the public. Continued advancements have led to widespread high-speed networks, Wi-Fi, and the cloud computing era, which continue to shape our connected world..

The History of Computer Networking Packet Switching 1960's ARPANET 1970's TCP/IP 1980's SCALER World Wide Web 1990's Commercial Internet 2000's.

1960s – The Birth of Networking •ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was created by the U.S. Department of Defense. •First packet-switching network → data was broken into small packets and transmitted across multiple routes. •Connected a handful of universities and research labs. •1969 milestone: First successful message sent between UCLA and Stanford computers..

1970s – Foundations of Modern Networking The 1970s established the foundations of modern networking with the development of key protocols and the expansion of ARPANET, the internet's precursor. The Network Control Protocol (NCP) enabled communication on ARPANET, while the development of TCP/IP by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn provided the core standard for data exchange between different systems, laying the groundwork for the internet. •TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) developed by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn. •Established rules for data communication between different networks. •Became the core protocol of the Internet. •Early experiments in email and remote login. •Networking was still limited to researchers and government organizations..