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by Dr . A J Singh Professor Department of Computer Science.

Definitions: Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer Science that pursues creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings. According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, AI is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”..

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently. AI is achieved by ( i )understanding, how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide and work, and (ii)developing intelligent software and systems..

Some fundamental questions is intelligence? What is thinking? a machine? Is the computer a machine? Here on when we say machine we will mean a programmable computer system can a machine think ? If are we machines?!.

Intelligence? Intelligence is a wider/subjective term Being intelligent means ability to learn, use languages, use knowledge, take decisions, make predictions, game playing etc. Is intelligence a prerogative of humans only? ….

Thinking? Thinking is mental discourse that consists of symbolic operations on thought parcels using methodical rules…rational thinking use mathematical rules of addition and remainder… Thomas Hobbes (1650s) Thinking is the process out of which intelligence arises! Is thinking same as computing?.

What is a Machine ?.

A Tool is an extension to Human Hand and machine is nothing but a complex Tool Computer is a Device / Machine which also augments “Human Brain Capabilities” [and works automatically] Machine is something which works “mechanically” using some set of rules..

Symbolic Manipulation (Demonstration). Ram Goes to Exile.

What is Intelligence ?. The Capability to Learn, Think and Solve Problems.

General / Trendy Definition of AI.

Goals of AI To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans. To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users..

. EARLY HISTORY OF A.I. 1950 : “CAN MACHINES THINK??????” 1956 : THE TERM “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE” WAS FIRST INTRODUCED..

Some AI Timeline 1923: Karel Čapek’s play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use of the word "robot" in English. 1945: Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University student, coined the term Robotics. 1950: Alan Turing introduced Turing Test 1956: John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence 1997: The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov 2015: AlphaGo won the first ever game against a Go professional with a score of 5-0 2019: Social robot Sophia was given citizenship of Saudi Arabia.

Turing Test.

John McCarthy et. al. (1956) proposed that a 2-month, 10-man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate ..General AI Then came winter of AI up to 1995 and after that Narrow AI …only subtasks implementation.

GENERAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE General AI is the hypothetical ability of an intelligent agent (machine or software) to understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can perform It is a primary goal of real artificial intelligence research and development Still it is common topic in science fiction and futures studies This is also called Strong AI.

NARROW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Narrow AI is artificial intelligence applied to a single task such as a chatbot , virtual assistant or self-driving car, Pattern-Matching etc. This is the AI in Practice This is also called Weak AI.

AI as Interdisciplinary Field.

Logic & Mathematics. Natural Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology…).

Areas & Applications of AI. Expert Systems Natural Neural Language Networks Processing Artificial Intelligence Fuzzy Logic Robotics.

Natural Language Processing It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans, translate text and speech, recognize handwriting etc. Examples: Chatbots: Siri, Cortana, Google Assistant, ICICI ipalvirtual , Amazon Alexa, HDFC EVA etc. Live Translator: Microsoft Hologram NLP can be helpful for India in integrating communications in different languages (NITI AYOG ,AI Policy).

Expert Systems /AI in Healthcare Molly Virtual Nurse Watson by IBM for Cancer Diagnosis Babylon as Medical Expert System Development Environment Telemedicine Robots dealing with contagious deceases.

AI in Marketing/Banking/Finance Online store & personalized recommendations (Netflix, Amazon) Chatbots used by banks Online fraud detection Computers and data scientists to determine future patterns in the market.

AI in Agriculture Identifying soil type through images Chatbots for advice to farmers Robots/Drones for spraying Agricultural Logistics.

Some other Applications: AI in Education /College/University AI in Gaming (Heuristics) Chatbots Robotics AI in Space Exploration ( Kirobo ) AI in Pattern Matching ( facebook ) AI in Driverless Vehicles ….

Some Cautions to keep Real Intelligence Intact (to avoid cognitive offloading).

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Questions to Think About : Will Artificial Intelligence replace our Intelligence? Will we control intelligent machines or will they control us? Will intelligent machines replace us, coexist with us, or merge with us? . . ..

“It is thought which makes the World.” -- Mahatama Budh.

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