Acid – base balance

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM are conducting a project concerning acid-base balance. Bronsted-Lowry (1923) states that the regular ratio of acid to base is 1:20. Acid is recognised as a hydrogen ion donor and base as a hydrogen ion acceptor. The project will provided insightful information on acid-base balance in biological systems..

[Audio] Understanding acid-base balance is an important factor in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Dr. Gulnara Sadykova's Group 3, Sub-Group 2, which includes Ali Ghazla, Ashfaq Aleesha, Noor Sibgha, SamaSamaaad, Khan Azam and Hussain Habib, submitted a project on acid-base balance and I'll share some of their findings with you now. Hydrogen ions, also known as protons, are bonded with water molecules through hydrogen bonds, rather than existing freely in solution. The concentration of hydrogen ions can be used to measure the acidity of a solution, with a twofold increase in concentration leading to a decrease in pH of 0.3. The equation -log[H+] is a useful formula for calculating the pH of a solution. In conclusion, monitoring acid-base balance is essential in order to maintain good health..

[Audio] We are going to discuss a project submitted to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova by Group 3, Sub-Group 2 of IUK-ISM, consisting of Ali Ghazla, Ashfaq Aleesha, Noor Sibgha, SamaSamaaad, Khan Azam and Hussain Habib. The project focuses on acid-base balance in the human body, which is regulated by extracellular carbonic acid/bicarbonate, haemoglobin, intracellular proteins, and phosphoric acid/hydrogen phosphate. It looks into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and how it is applied in assessing the balance. In this discussion, we will take a closer look at these concepts and explore how they are used in real life..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM have submitted a project investigating acid-base balance in the plasma. Haemoglobin's role as the main buffer for carbon dioxide is an integral part of the project, as well as the excretion of carbon dioxide through alveolar ventilation and the reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate. Furthermore, this project looks into the excretion of fixed acids, which includes acid anion and associated hydrogen ions, at a rate of around 100 mmol per day. By researching this topic, Group 3, Sub-Group 2 seeks to gain deeper insights on acid-base balance in the plasma..

[Audio] Good morning! Today, I want to talk about the project submitted by Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM. This project focused on acid-base balance and the production of CO2. We found that 20% of the body's daily production of CO2 comes from the complete oxidation of substrates. Additionally, we also found that metabolism of organic acid anions, ammonium, and the production of plasma proteins all contribute to an anion gap. Lastly, we discovered that bone can take up H+ in exchange for Ca2+, Na+ and K+ or the release of HCO3-, CO3- or HPO4 2-. Thank you for your time..

pH is constantly “impaired” by metabolism. METABOLISM continuous production of acids obc c: au y cds dissolved H,c03 * goo,'e co,+Hzo —(CA)» Hac03 C02 H*+HC03 = 24 x (pcoz / [HC03]).

[Audio] This slide introduces the Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM and their project on acid-base balance. Our group conducted research and concluded that low molecular weight and water soluble biosynthetic intermediates possess groups that are essentially completely ionised at neutral pH. This has several implications, such as providing an efficient intracellular trapping of ionised compounds within the cell and its organelles. Exceptions to this include macromolecules such as proteins, which are mostly charged anyway. Additionally, pH has a significant effect on protein function. This research from our group is very important for understanding the implications of acid-base balance, and could have far-reaching effects to enhance the understanding of cell metabolism..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 has developed a novel approach to studying the balance between acidic and basic substances in the body. Research in this area demonstrates an understanding of how cells interact with the external environment and how the flow of fluid between the cells and blood capillaries can be employed to make assumptions regarding the intracellular environment. This research holds the potential for a significant effect on how acidic and basic substances in the body are comprehended..

[Audio] Our group recently submitted a project on acid-base balance to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova. We explored how intracellular and extracellular pH is kept at a constant level. Intracellular pH is typically around 6.8 at 37 degrees Celsius, in order to guarantee that all necessary chemical intermediates are charged and contained inside the cell. On the contrary, extracellular pH is higher, differing by 0.5 to 0.6 pH units. The prominent effects that intracellular [H+] has on metabolic processes and the rest of the cellular processes requires a fourfold gradient in order to sustain a stable intracellular pH. This equilibrium is achieved through 'intracellular buffering', adjustment of arterial pCO2, and the discharging of fixed acids from the cell to the extracellular liquid..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 of IUK-ISM submitted an impressive project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova which explores the acid-base balance and its impact on alveolar ventilation. The project examines how stimulation of respiration can cause disturbances in alveolar ventilation, as well as the effects of acidemia on the respiratory centre in the brain, leading to an increase in alveolar ventilation. The project also investigates how alkalemia has the opposite effect - reducing alveolar ventilation - providing a fresh insight into the relationship between acid-base balance and the respiratory system..

[Audio] This project focused on two tubular mechanisms in the body's regulation of acid-base balance. The research demonstrated that the combination of HCO3- reabsorption filtered at the glomerulus and NH4+ production, along with the proximal tubule excretion of H+, can lead to the excretion of around 70 mmol/day of H+. Furthermore, the distal tubular mechanism of net excretion of H+ can be increased up to 1000 times, thus decreasing urine pH to 4.5. The research also noted the formation of Titratable Acidity, and NH4+ being added to the luminal fluid, with reabsorption of the leftover HCO3-..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM conducted a project focusing on acid-base balance. We looked at a table of data with ranges for Arterial blood and Mixed venous blood for pH, pCO2, pO2, Saturation, and Bicarbonate level. For instance, the pH range for Arterial blood was 7.40, and the range for Mixed venous blood was 7.33 to 7.43. Correspondingly, the pCO2 range for Arterial blood was 40 mmHg, and the range for Mixed venous blood was 41-51 mmHg. By examining this data, we better understood the acid-base balance in the human body..

[Audio] Our group, 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM, have developed a project on Acid-base balance which was submitted to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova. Acidosis is an abnormal condition which reduces arterial pH and is accompanied with secondary changes attributed to primary causes. Alkalosis is an abnormal condition which raises arterial pH and is accompanied with secondary changes attributed to primary causes. When a single primary cause is present, it constitutes a Simple acid-base disorder, while the existence of multiple primary causes is a Mixed acid-base disorder..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM, comprising Ali Ghazla, Ashfaq Aleesha, Noor Sibgha, SamaSamaaad, Khan Azam and Hussain Habib, have presented a project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova on acid-base balance. The project focuses on two types of disorders: Respiratory and Metabolic. Respiratory disorders change the pH as an effect of an alteration in pCO2 levels, while Metabolic disorders modify the pH due to a primary modification in [HCO3-]. Both types of disorders lead to acidosis or alkalosis..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 of IUK-ISM consists of Ali Ghazla, Ashfaq Aleesha, Noor Sibgha, SamaSamaaad, Khan Azam and Hussain Habib. Their project delved into the complexities of acid-base balance, observing the primary disorder of a decrease in pH due to an increase in PaCO2, which can be exhibited in both an acute and a chronic manner. To counter this, renal compensation takes place over a period of three to four days as seen in the form of retention of HCO3-. The potential causes of this disorder could be attributed to either a decreased alveolar ventilation or an increased production of CO2 by the body..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM has submitted a project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova regarding the acid-base balance in the body. The particular defect that causes this can occur at any level in the respiratory control mechanism. It is known that an increase in arterial pCO2 is an effective stimulus for increasing ventilation. Consequently, if there is a presence of respiratory acidosis, it will be rapidly corrected, unless there is an abnormal factor sustaining hypoventilation..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM (consisting of Ali Ghazla, Ashfaq Aleesha, Noor Sibgha, SamaSamaaad, Khan Azam and Hussain Habib) have recently submitted a project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova, examining acid-base balance. The project specifically identified several aspects that could potentially lead to a disruption of the acid-base balance. Such aspects include central respiratory depression and other CNS problems, which can be caused by opiates, sedatives, anaesthetics or nerve and muscle disorders. Other potential causes are lung or chest wall defects, such as acute COPD, chest trauma or diaphragmatic paralysis. Additionally, airway obstructions and external factors, such as inadequate mechanical ventilation, may also prove to be a contributor. If any of these factors occur, they can cause a change in the acid-base balance, potentially having significant negative implications..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM, comprising of Ali Ghazla, Ashfaq Aleesha, Noor Sibgha, SamaSamaaad, Khan Azam and Hussain Habib, have identified the possibility of an overproduction of Carbon Dioxide in certain hypercatabolic disorders, e.g. malignant hyperthermia and sepsis. In addition, they have uncovered potential sources of augmented Carbon Dioxide intake, such as the re-breathing of CO 2 -containing expired gas, along with potential treatments to oppose an acid-base balance imbalance, e.g. the infusion of CO 2 into inspired gas, and insufflation of CO 2 into body cavities. This is a major contribution in deciphering the causes and treatments of acid-base balance disorders..

[Audio] Acid-base balance is an important topic in the field of human physiology. It has an effect on numerous bodily functions, including intracellular metabolism, cerebral effects, cardiovascular system, hypercapnia, anaesthetic effects, hypoxaemia and increased pcoa. Group 3, Sub-Group 2 of IUK-ISM has undertaken a project looking into the effects of acid-base balance on these different systems. We will examine what their work has told us about acid-base balance and its influence on our bodies. In particular, we will explore how an imbalance of acid-base balance can damage our physical and mental health. By understanding the importance of maintaining acid-base balance, we can work towards better solutions for keeping our bodies healthy..

[Audio] We are here to discuss the project submitted by Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM. In this project, the team has studied the acid-base balance in relation to respiratory acid-base disorders. Acute respiratory acid-base disorders are buffered solely by intracellular proteins such as haemoglobin and phosphates. However, the bicarbonate system is not responsible for any buffering of such disorders. For chronic respiratory acid-base disorders, renal bicarbonate retention occurs with a three to four day time frame. Part of this process includes increased H+ secretion into the lumen, increased HCO3 production, increased Na+ reabsorption in exchange for H+, and increased production of NH3 to 'buffer' the H+ in the tubular lumen. Let's discuss these findings in the context of the project..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM presented a project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova focusing on acid-base balance. The research showed that with adequate alveolar ventilation, pCO2 returns to normal. However, rapid fall in pCO2 for an extended period of time may cause severe hypotension and post hypercapnic alkalosis. It is essential that treatment of such a disorder should be directed to correcting the primary cause..

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM has submitted a project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova on acid-base balance. The primary disorder is a decrease in pH due to a decrease in bicarbonate levels. This can lead to a high anion gap due to a high amount of fixed hydrogen ions, or to a normal anion gap due to a lack of bicarbonate reabsorption. An anion gap is calculated as the difference between the concentration of sodium and chloride ions, and the concentration of bicarbonate ions..

MA - causes. ketoacidosis diabetic, alcoholic, starvation lactic acidosis acute renal failure toxins.

[Audio] Group 3, Sub-Group 2 from IUK-ISM submitted a project to Dr. Gulnara Sadykova on acid-base balance. This presentation focused on how acid-base balance is affected by the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, and other systems. Hyperventilation will cause the haemoglobin-dissociation curve to shift to the right and decrease the 2,3 DPG levels in red cells, which will, in turn, shift the oxygen-dissociation curve back to the left. Acidosis will cause an increase in bone resorption, while alkalosis will cause a shift of K+ out of cells, leading to hyperkalemia. Acidosis will lead to decreased HCO3-, while alkalosis will lead to an increase in HCO3-. That concludes the presentation. Thank you for your attention..