صوت_المعالجة الثلاثية_دليل المتدرب_1.ar.en - Copy

[Audio] Translated from Arabic to English www.onlinedoctranslator.com Wastewater treatment plants mainly remove the main pollutants the most important of which are organic materials and suspended materials. Wastewater treatment is divided in terms of stages into primary secondary and tertiary treatment and the quality of the resulting slurry is often linked to the stage applied. For example the primary stage removes about 35-50% of the organic loads and 50-70% of the suspended materials while the secondary stage removes about 95-98% of the organic loads and suspended materials. In order to obtain higher quality tertiary treatment must be used. Tertiary treatment includes many physical and chemical treatment operations and can be used after biological treatment operations in the secondary stage with the aim of meeting the requirements of the total treatment operations to reach the levels and quality of water required in terms of environmental requirements for reuse. At this stage the rest of the pollutants are removed from the water resulting from the treatment plants which have not been completely removed or disposed of in the secondary treatment processes in order to reach the acceptable limits of the total solids content.TS content of organic loads (B-O-D--) (C-O-D--) removal of nutrients (nitrogen phosphorus) and removal of toxins volatile organic compounds and metals Tertiary treatment processes can also include physicochemical separation techniques such as the use of activated carbon adsorption clarification sedimentation membrane filtration ion exchange dechlorination and reverse osmosis. 1. Purpose of tertiary treatment: The primary purpose is to obtain a higher efficiency in removing contaminated materials remaining in the final slurry after secondary treatment which is:.

[Audio] Suspended materials organic loads dissolved inorganic materials (nitrogen phosphorus) color smell dissolved mineral salts reducing bacterial content. Therefore the characteristics of the contaminated materials present in the final seep must be known to determine the technology required for treatment 2. Triple processing technology: 2.1. Factors for choosing tertiary processing technology The choice of the type of tertiary treatment of treated wastewater and its component units depends on: 1 Degree of previous treatment 2 Required requirements and standards (according to the purpose of using treated water) 3 The type of pollutants present 3. Tertiary treatment methods: 1 Natural treatment such as (filtration .....) 2 Physicochemical treatment such as (settling sedimentation filtration) 3 Chemical such as (sterilization ion exchange electrolysis) 4 Biological Such as (removal of phosphorus and nitrogen) 4. The most important pollutants to be eliminated by tertiary treatment: 1 Suspended solids 2 Colour smell and dissolved organic materials 3 Biological pollutants and some chemical pollutants (phenol heavy metals) 4 Dissolved salts 2.

[Audio] 5 Nutrients (nitrogen phosphorus) 5. Methods of removing pollutants: 5.1. Suspended solids: These materials may be organic or notALight causes turbidity color and odor and facilitates the growth of bacteria. It is removed through several removal methods.  Filtration of all kinds  Use of micron filters  Precipitation using chemicalsYaya First: nomination It is a physical process to remove suspended materials in treated water by passing it through a porous medium that allows water to penetrate and trap suspended materials. During the separation process no chemical reactions occur as the separation process takes place between two phases. (two phases)The liquid phase is the treated water and the solid phase is the suspended solids. Filters are used in tertiary treatment either alone or in combination with other methods. They are often used after biological or chemical treatment as they trap suspended materials whether organic or inorganic as well as part of the bacteria part of the ammonia and the organic content due to the possibility of a biological reaction occurring on the filter’s body. Suspended solid materials or impurities include:  Dust particles that mix with water as they pass through the pumping transportation and storage process.  Organic materials: These are organic waste resulting from decomposition. 3.

[Audio]  Microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and algae.  Organic color-causing substances such as inks and dyes  Inorganic substances that cause coloring such as iron and manganese compounds. Candidate's business idea: As a result of the continuous passage of water through the filter a layer of impurities is formed over time on the surface of the filtration medium which is called the “filter cake ” or the mat which is the true medium of the filtration process during which the filtration process takes place effectively before its thickness reaches a degree that prevents the passage of Water hinders the filtration process. As time passes this layer becomes an obstacle to the filtration process and causes a noticeable increase in pressure loss as a decrease in water flow through the filter occurs as a result of the increase in pressure loss. The nomination process is carried out according to the following principles: Adhesion of suspended materials to the granules of the filter medium called an adsorption process The deposition of some suspended materials in the gaps between the filter media which acts as a filter that traps suspended materials of relatively large sizes and it is a mechanical process. The figure shows the difference between the “physical” adsorption process and the “mechanical” confinement process (Figure 1) A gelatinous layer is formed on the surface of the filter medium of fine suspended materials and possible presence of microorganisms which helps in catching and detaining suspended materials. 4.

[Audio] The difference in electrical charges on both the suspended materials and the granules of the filter medium which helps to attract and adhere these practic Adsorpti practic a To reserv al on al Mechanica Physics l materials to the granules of the filter medium. Figure 1: Shows the difference between the two processes of adsorption “physical ” and the process of confinement “mechanical.” Filtration media Various materials are used for filtration and filtration purposes some from natural sources and some from industrial sources. The choice of filtration medium depends on many factors the most important of which are: 1 Volume of solids The filtration medium is chosen so that its pores are smaller than the size of the solid particles to be removed taking into account that the smaller the diameter of the pores of the filtration medium the greater the pressure difference lost which causes the pores to become clogged and the filtration process to stop after a short time. 2 The degree of purification required The higher the degree of purification required the more efficient it is to choose filters with high efficiency (smaller interfacial pores). 3-Operating period 5.

[Audio] There are filtration media that can withstand long periods of operation without affecting the filtration efficiency while there are other media that cannot withstand long periods. 4 Washing and revitalizing It is necessary to choose filtration media that are easy to wash and economical especially in large industrial operations. 5 Cost Economic cost is one of the main determinants in choosing filtration media especially in industrial units that consume large quantities of filtration media in treatment operations. Media used in the filtration process The materials used in the filtration process are divided according to their nature into:  Natural – such as coal and sand  Synthetic – These are synthetic fibers that are created with narrow interspaces or small gaps Among the most important media used in filtration processes are the following: 1 Sand Sand is one of the cheapest media used in filtration processes and is widely used in sand filters where quartz sand is used for this purpose. Sand is used in different thicknesses up to700 ml per layer with different diameters ranging between 0.45 0.55 millimeters. To determine the acceptable diameters required for sand the “sieve analysis” technique is used which is a set of vertical sieves numbered according to the opening of each sieve giving each sieve a number called “Mesh Number" and 6.

[Audio] the sieves are moved through an electric vibrator and the stirring process leads to the confinement of sand on the surfaces of the sieves according to their size and thus the diameter of these grains on each sieve is determined. 2anthracite coal""Anthracite" This type of coal is used as a substitute for sand in some filtration treatment plants. It may be used with sand and other materials as a mixture for filtration. This type of filter is used with thicknesses close to those of similar filters in sand media. 3 Mixed media. It has become common to use more than one “mixed” media for filtration such that the larger less dense granules are placed at the top of the media filling while the smaller more dense granules are placed at the bottom of the filling as follows (Figure 2) a group of materials is usually used as mixed media as layers on top of each other as shownscheduleAs the water passes from top to bottom these mixed media ensure a uniform permeability process for long periods before the need for the backwashing process. Figure 2: Form of the filtration media mixture in the filters Effective Specific weight Medium type diameter (mm) 1.4 0.7-1.7 Anthracite 2.6 0.3-0.7 Sand 7.

[Audio] 3.8 0.4-0.6 Geraniums 4.9 0.3-0.5 Magnatime Figure 3: Different types of...MediaTUsed in filtration filters Types of filters Types of filters are divided into: Filters based on filtration speedFor example slow sand filters and fast sand filters. Filters depend on the type of filtration layerWe find sand filters charcoal filters or both. Filters based on the number of filtration layers:Single or multi-layer filters Filters depend on the direction of filtrationThere are filters in which filtration is done from top to bottom which is the common type or from bottom to top. Pressure based filters Filters based on membranes and the interspaces between their spacesIncludes micro filtermicro filter ultra filter and nano filter Slow sand filters The slow sand filter is considered one of the first types of filters but it is no longer common at the present time because of its extreme slowness and its need for large areas of land. It is also not suitable in hot climates where algae grows abundantly and its use is limited to filtering water with low turbidity. The idea of the work is that the filtration rate ranges between 2-3 m3/m2/day and the depth of the filtration medium ranges from 30-75 centimeters. It consists of a 8.

[Audio] layer of gravel that lies above the bottom drainage system. The idea is based on the formation of a thin layer on the surface of the filter which increases in thickness over time and this layer plays an important role in retaining Larger materials help remove organic loads and the filter continues to scrape off this thin layer and replace the sand layer. Although slow sand filters require land areas exceeding more than...30 times the area of quick sand filters but they have several advantages including: Low operational cost. You don't need chemicals to help collect sediment. Reduced energy or water consumption as there is no need to perform daily washing operations. There are no problems in disposing of washing water as the slow filters are cleaned over long periods extending for several months without the need for daily washing operations.. Figure 4: Schematic of a slow sand filter Rapid sand filters Quick sand filters also known as mechanical filters are rectangular concrete basins that usually contain different successive layers of gravel sand and usually anthracite. At the bottom of the basin there are strainers to collect 9.

[Audio] the filtered water and there is also a drainage group to collect the water that is filtered through All parts of the filter and at the same time it distributes washing water to all parts of the filter. This type is used Filters in the event that the quantities of water to be filtered are large and the rapid filter is used as part of an integrated treatment package that includes sedimentation And the intimidation and filtration. The filtration theory is based on: 1. The sand grains act as a filter to trap suspended materials. 2. Smaller materials are deposited in the spaces between sand grains 3. Suspended materials adhere to sand grains and whether these processes (confinement sedimentation adhesion) are called mechanical phenomena. 4. Bacteria play their role in completing some biological reactions 5. Some electrochemical reactions occur between the positive charges present in iron and manganese salts. And the negative charges present in the suspended materials sticking to the sand grains which helps remove part of the iron and manganese salts. Slow filters differ from fast filters in a number of ways including:  The filtration rate of fast filters ranges between100-125 m3/m2 per day while the filtration rate of slow filters does not exceed 3-8 m3/m2 per day.  The cleaning method for rapid filters is through the backwash process in a short period of time.  Washing operations for slow filters are carried out by removing the gelatinous layer formed on the surface of the sand.  The construction cost of fast filters is lower than that of slow filters  The operating cost of fast filters is relatively higher than that of slow filters 10.

[Audio] Figure 5: Schematic of a quick sand filter Technical problems of sand filters the problem : Bubbles of the dissolved air in the water are inside and simplifying the resulting the result of the temperature of the temperature or due to the oxygen that is from the accumulated tanks within the simplicity of the nomination or because of some technical problems resulting from the lowering the candidate's pressure. treatment: By controlling algae by adding chlorine the water can be saturated with air and the temperature inside the filter can be maintained. the problem :A dense layer is formed resulting from the accumulation and formation of quantities of clay on the surface of the filter. With the beginning of the backwashing process the clay rushes in the form of dense balls to the bottom of the filter in the direction of the gravel. treatment:Using a stream of water caustic soda and sometimes a strong stream of air may be used. Pressure filters Pressure filters are one of the types of rapid filters which rely on performing the filtration process inside a closed vessel under pressure and are similar to sand filters in that they contain filtration media with a layer of gravel supporting the filtration media with a filter Drainage and collection of filter water but it does not contain water drainage channels the laundry . 11.

[Audio] In pressure filters layers of sand and gravel are placed inside a closed steel cylinder in the horizontal or vertical direction withstanding an internal pressure of no less than2 atmospheric pressure and the water to be filtered enters from the top and passes through the layers of sand and gravel to the bottom where the filtered water collects. The term “pressure” does not mean that the water must be passed through the filter under high pressure or that the pressure lost inside the filter is high but rather that the water passes through it under any appropriate pressure such as the pressure of turbid water “low pressure” pumps. Types of chemicals are used to improve the efficiency of the filter. The most important types of materials used are materials that inhibit the growth of bacteria algae and microorganisms the presence of which leads to clogging of the pores of the filtration media. Chlorine and its compounds are used such as Sodium hypochlorite. Some coagulants are also used to collect foam particles Very soft in the form of large flakes that are easy to separate. Figure 6:A sector in a filter operating under pressure Second: Filtration with micron membranes 12.

[Audio] Definition of micron filters  Self-cleaning mechanical filters with pores ranging from 10 300 micrometers the pore size is chosen according to 1) The volume of suspended materials to be seized 2) Solids loading rate  Types of micron filters تاحشرملا ةينوركيملا 10 -300 µm Disk Filter Drum Filter Belt Filter ريسلا حشرم يصرقلا حشرملا يناوطسلأا حشرملا 100 -300 µm 10 -40 µm 30 -40 µm First: the cylindrical filterDrum filter A porous cylindrical structure with a circular motion that passes the water to be filtered from inside to outside removing the suspended matter inside it and the internal layer of suspended materials is removed by backwashing. 13.

[Audio] Figure 7: Cylindrical filter Second: Disc filters(Disk Filter) Discs mounted on a central cylinder each disc made up of a set of lobessegments Each segment has a diamond-like shape Figure 8: Shows the shape of the lobe and filter disc  The number of discs in the unit varies based on the amount of flow and the lobe area varies according to the amount of flow as well Classification of pinch filters: Disc filters are classified in terms of:  Flow direction: 1. From the inside out 2. From outside to inside  Filter material Fabric: 1-Comipile 2 WovenWoven 14.

[Audio] Inside to outside جراخ ىلإ لخاد نم Woven Cloth Outside to Inside Fabric pile لخاد ىلإ جراخ نم قفدلا هاجتا Flow direction material حشرملا ةماخ Figure 9: The difference between the types of raw materials for manufacturing disc filters 15.

[Audio] First: in terms of flow direction INSIDE – OUTSIDE From inside to outside  Figure 10: The filtration process through the filtration unitIn-Ou the components : 1) Feed water inlet tank in other words to be filtered 2) Central cylinderCENTRAL DRUM: A horizontal tube along the length of the unit and in the middle through which the feed water passes. The cylinder is open on one side only. All the discs are mounted on the central cylinder so that they all rotate with the rotation of the central cylinder. There are also drainage holes for water to pass through to the segment lobes of the discs. 3) Washing water collection channel: It is higher than the level of the feeding channel and is connected to its end by a drainage pipe 4) The washing arms have sprinklers installed between the discs and are connected to the backwash pump 5) Backwash pump: The supply source is from the filtered water tank to push it under pressure through a pipe to the sprinkler arms. 6) Central cylinder motor: connected to the cylinder to rotate it slowly while the backwash is starting 7) Washing water collection tank: Washing water is collected 8) Filtered water collection tank (tertiary treatment) 9) Overflow barrier: to absorb water in case the filter becomes clogged 10) Hydrostatic pressure electrodesHydrostatic pressure probe to measure the height of the water level. One of them is located in the feed tank and the other is inside the central cylinder in the control units that operate automatically to measure the height difference. In some units 16.

[Audio] only one is installed in the feed tank to measure the height of the feed water only. The micronized filtration unit can be installed in a concrete structure or inside a stainless steel metal structure Steps to make a disc filter: 1) By gravity water flows into the feed tank and from there to the central cylinder 2) Through the drainage holes unfiltered water fills only the lower lobes which represents 65% of the total filtration area which is calledActive Area about 35% remains unimmersed 3) Water passes through the filter from both sides of the lobe to trap plankton larger than the filter pores inside the submerged lobe. In this case the filter disc is in a state of rest that is not rotating 4) With layer accumulationPlankton inside the lobe obstructs the passage of water through the filter and the hydraulic load increases thus raising the water level in the feed tank. 5) The pressure electrodes begin to calculate the level difference and at a certain value the backwash process takes place 6) In backwashing the drum begins to rotate and the lobes that were not submerged are replaced and become at the bottom submerged and the lobes that were not submerged become submerged at the bottom and are filled with the water to be filtered. The rotation stops again and the sprinklers begin to wash the lobes that were submerged and a layer of plankton is formed inside them. 7) The layer of plankton falls into the washing channel and passes to the washing water collection tank and using a pump is pumped to the primary treatment or aeration basins. 8) The treated water passes to the treated water collection tank and from there to the disinfection process  This type of filter is available at (Kima 1 Kima 2 treatment plant AlHajar station “Edfu Center”) Aswan Beni Suef station Bahr Al-Baqar wastewater treatment station in Sinai.  The characteristics of this type of filter can be noted as follows: 1) The discs all move together during the backwash cycle so the backwash occurs at the same time 2) Actual spaceActive area to filter about 65% of the total disk space 3) Washing involves using strong water pressure to remove the sludge layer 4) The material this type of filter is made ofWoven 5) Pore size = 10 µm 17.

[Audio] 6) Volume of backwash water =0.5 – 3% of Q 18.

[Audio] From outside to inside  the components : 1) Feed water tank in other words to be filtered: Water submerges all discs in their entire area 2) Central cylinderCENTRAL DRUM: A horizontal tube along the length of the unit in the middle with filtered water running through it. The cylinder is open on one side only. All the disks are mounted on the central cylinder so that they all rotate with the rotation of the central cylinder. There are also openings that allow the filtered water to pass from the segment to the central cylinder. 3) Sludge layer suction lineSuction pipe: connected to the washing pump(s). 4) Suction arms: connected to the washing pump suction line 5) Pump(s) to suction the sludge layer (washing): pulling the sludge from the outer surface of the filter. 6) Washing valves: A group of valves installed on the washing pump suction line. Each valve is responsible for washing a specific number of discs. 7) Sludge extraction pump 8) Central cylinder motor: to rotate the discs during the washing cycle 9) Filtered water collection tank (tertiary treatment) 10) Overflow barrier: To absorb water in case the filter is clogged 11) Hydrostatic pressure electrodesHydrostatic pressure probe to measure the height of the water level. There is one of them in the feed tank and the other is inside the filtered water tank to measure the height difference (in automatic control units) and in some units only one is installed in the feed tank to measure the height of the feed water only The micronized filtration unit can be installed in a concrete structure or inside a stainless steel metal structure 19.

[Audio] Steps for making a disc filter: 1) By gravity water flows to fill the feed tank to submerge all the filter discs 2) Water passes from outside the filter to inside it leaving plankton on the outside of the filter 3) As a result of the lobes being filled with water it is transported through openings in the central cylinder to the filtered water tank and from there to the purifier 4) The total area of filtration is calledActive Area in this type it is 100% 5) With layer accumulationPlankton outside the lobe obstructs the passage of water through the filter and the hydraulic load increases thus raising the water level in the feed tank. 6) The pressure electrodes begin to calculate the level difference and at a certain value the backwash process takes place 7) In backwash there are two design methods  One of them is designed so that there is more than one washing pump each pump is responsible for a specific number of discs. Based on this design the washing (suction) cycle begins alternately as with the rotation of the discs the layer of plankton is facing the suction (suction) arms and the first washing pump begins to work for a period Then it stops and the control moves to operate the next washing pump to suction the plankton layer from another set of discs and so on until all the pumps work in one cycle of rotation and thus the filter is cleared of blockages. It is very similar to how a vacuum cleaner works it may require two pumps to work together.  The other design is described by installing a single washing pump and the discs are washed alternately through valves. Based on this design the washing (suction) cycle begins alternately where as the discs rotate the layer of plankton is facing the suction (suction) arms and the first valve begins to open to wash a specific group of The discs for a specific time then the valve is closed and control moves to open another cock to wash (suction) the plankton layer from another group of discs and so on until all the valves are working in one cycle of rotation thus freeing the filter from blockage. It may be necessary to open two valves together. 8) Using a pump the sludge is pumped to the primary treatment or aeration basins 9) During the suction of the sludge layer some of it falls and settles at the bottom of the filtration (feed) tank. The sedimented sludge pump also pumps it to primary treatment or ventilation. In some units this pump is 20.

[Audio] dispensed with and the sedimented sludge is withdrawn with the same washing pump.  This type of filter the first design is located in the Kima 3 treatment plant Aswan  The characteristics of this type of filter can be noted as follows: 1) The discs all move together but the discs are washed alternately 2) Actual spaceActive area for 100% filtering 3) Washing is done by vacuuming up the sludge layer similar to the action of a vacuum cleaner 4) The suction line may be at the top of the filter or at the bottom 5) The material this type of filter is made ofFabric pile 6) Pore size = 10 µm 7) Volume of backwash water =1-3% of the station flow Figure 11: Shows the upper washing line valve control 21.

[Audio] Figure 12: Shows the line of withdrawing sedimented suspended materials Application areas of disc micron filters 1) Remove suspended materials 2) Removal of phosphorus by adding a liquidCoagulant 3) Surface water treatment 4) Treatment of final sewerage of industrial sewage 5) As a pretreatment for membrane treatment systems 6) Reuse of treated water in irrigation Advantages of disc micron filters 1) Flexibility in operation 2) It requires much less space than standard flow sand filters 3) Does not require stopping the flow to perform backwash 4) Lower backwash rates (less than 1% compared to the total flow amount)It is done automatically 5) It does not require experienced operating personnel 6) High efficiency in removing suspended materials 7) Accommodate hydraulic loads and large solids 8) The quality of tertiary treated water can be measured continuously by using a turbidity measuring probe installed in the final seep stream 9) As a result of the superior removal of suspended materials the disinfection method can be changed usingUV instead of chlorine 10) It does not require equipment to achieve pressure during filtration. On the contrary the flow is by gravitygravity Disadvantages of disc micron filters 1) Membrane spare parts are expensive 2) The cost of operation and maintenance is greater than sand filters 22.

[Audio] Third: belt filters(Belt Filter) It is used after adding the polymer to the backwash water resulting from the cylinder and disc filter containing very small plankton to condense the sludge (plankton) and reduce the water content. 5-2 Removal of odor color and dissolved organic materials Adsorption with activated carbon Adsorption is the process of collecting dissolved substances in a solution on a suitable surface. Treated water is usually treated with activated carbon after normal biological treatment in order to remove the remaining dissolved organic matter or particles which cause changes in color and odor to the water. Activated carbon is a material with a high ability to adsorption and it can be defined as a porous material that resulted from a defect in the crystalline structure during preparation that led to the appearance of pores that have the ability to undergo the adsorption process. Figure 12: Adsorption process on activated carbon Activated carbon differs from other porous materials such as silica gel and alumina in some characteristics such as containing all types of pores large in size that can be easily observed with an electron microscope and even small which share adsorption-dependent properties Adsorption on the pore size of activated carbon which increases in particular Adsorption increases as the size of those pores increases and it also depends on the size of the carbon 23.

[Audio] pores according to the type of carbon used and the method of its activation. Activated carbon filters work more efficiently in adsorbing large-sized pollutants. Adsorption with activated carbon is one of the cheapest methods used to adsorption pollutants and some studies have begun to prepare activated carbon from new environmentally friendly and low-cost sources. Activated carbon was prepared from waste Vegetables such as cassava plant residues which are rich in cellulose and from walnut shells. Peach pits olive pits and coconut shells in addition to wood and the pits of some fruits such as mangoes cherries and dates. Activated carbon is made by heating coal to high temperatures and then activating it by exposing it to an oxidizing gas. The gas leads to the production of pores in the coal increasing the internal surface area. There are two types of activated carbon widely used: granular activated carbon and the other type which is powdered activated carbon. Treated water is treated using activated carbon by adding carbon powder directly to the water in the contact tank for a period of time which ranges from5-20minute as the powder settles to the bottom and is removed as shownThe shapeHeavy metals resulting from some industrial processes can be removed and include zinc nickel iron copper lead cadmium and manganese in addition to volatile organic materials.”VOCs" The removal rate depends on:  Contact time.  pH  temperature  Concentration of dissolved substances  Size and weight of contaminated materials 24.

[Audio] Figure 13:Water treatment using activated carbon 5-3 Removal of biological pollutants and some chemical pollutants by oxidation. Advanced oxidation methods include many methods that depend on the formation of a hydroxyl group that oxidizes various types of organic pollutants including: 1 Ozone treatment Ozone treatment or what is called ozonation during which ozone works to oxidize iron and manganese ions to facilitate their precipitation and easy removal. Ozone also works to break down phenol and its compounds converting them into open compounds carbon dioxide and water. Figure 14:Picture of ozo generatorsn 25.

[Audio] Figure 15:Injecting ozone into the aqueous medium through micro holes 2Hydrogen peroxide: It is used to oxidize toxic organic substances in the same way as the ozone reaction but in the presence of iron as an activator where a hydroxyl group is formed which reacts with organic compounds to give the active organic substance ion. OH plus RH R plus H-2-O This active ion reacts again to produce another additional hydroxyl group R plus H2O OH plus R-O-H Experiments have shown that hydrogen peroxide has the ability to treat wastethePlants often react in the presence of... Ultraviolet radiation is stored in solutions with concentrations ranging from 35% to 50%. 3 Chlorine The process of oxidation with chlorine is the traditional method for sterilizing treated water and it is the last step of the sterilization process before the water leaves the treatment plant. It depends on adding a calculated amount of chlorine or chlorine compounds “sodium hypochlorite” or calcium hypochlorite. Chlorine kills a wide range of disease-causing germs and water can also be exposed to ultraviolet rays as a means of sterilization but this method is not effective enough especially when the water is not clear enough or still contains some solid particles while sterilization with ozone is considered The newest and most effective method. C-L-2 plus H2O HOCl plus H plus plus Cl 26.

[Audio] And it dependsInjection quantityOn pH and temperatureTurbidity quality and quantity of pollutants 4 Ultraviolet treatment The use of ultraviolet radiation has not become widespreadUV is widely used in water treatment and remains limited to sterilizing drinking water to small establishments and under certain conditions. One of the advantages of this method is that there is no need to add chemicals and sterilization with ultraviolet rays is only successful if the water is free of fine suspended materials as Its presence makes it difficult for rays to transmit and thus does not directly affect microorganisms The efficiency of oxidation treatment with ultraviolet radiation increases if it is integrated with other oxidation methods such as oxidation with ozone or hydrogen peroxide and it gives good results for oxidizing organic compounds present in water. Mercury lamps are used to produce ultraviolet radiation which gives its wavelength254 nanometers and the treatment device contains a number of lamps and the lamp life is estimated at about 14 thousand working hours. Figure 16: UV producing lamp One of the most important advantages of UV treatment is that it does not use chemicals does not produce harmful by-products is easy to use and is relatively low-cost. 27.

[Audio] Reverse osmosis technology (R-O---) Figure 17:Ultraviolet curing unit in a treatment plant 5 4 Removal of dissolved salts 5 – 4 – 1 Reverse osmosis purificationRO Polymeric membranes are of utmost importance in industrial applications such as water desalination salt separation and treatment and reverse osmosis is one of the most important methods of polymeric membranes. The first announcement of the use of reverse osmosis was a patent of the same name for “removing water hardness” using ferrous cyanide films on porous porcelain retainers.1952 He produced membranes made of “cellulose acetate” at the University of Florida for desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis. In the 1960s spiral wound membranes were produced and in the 1970s hollow fine fiber membranes made of polyamide appeared. Membrane desalination methods are generally characterized by lower energy use compared to thermal analysis methods. The reverse osmosis method depends on the property of osmosis as the pressures applied to the surfaces of the membranes are used to overcome the natural osmotic pressure of the water. If a semi-permeable membrane is placed between two solutions of equal concentration under equal temperature and pressure nothing will occur.Water passes through the membrane as a result of the equal chemical potential on both sides. If a soluble salt is added to one of the two solutions the pressure decreases and an osmotic flow of water occurs from the less salty side to the more salty side until the chemical potential returns to its previous state of balance. 28.

[Audio] This balance occurs when the pressure difference in the volume of the saltiest liquid becomes equal to the osmotic pressure which is a property of liquids that has nothing to do with the membrane. When a pressure equal to the osmotic pressure is applied to the surface of the brine a state of equilibrium is also reached and the flow of water through the membrane stops. If the pressure is raised more than that the chemical potential of the liquid will rise and cause a reverse flow of water from the brine solution towards the less salty solution which is known as reverse osmosis. The efficiency of the reverse osmosis method in getting rid of salts reaches more than99% and reverse osmosis membranes have the ability to get rid of bacteria germs and harmful elements present in the water. Figure 18-Illustration showing reverse osmosis purification Polyamide and cellulose acetate membranes are the most widely used to get rid of dissolved salts. Disadvantages of cellulose membranes: 1 They are severely affected by biological pollution which causes them to become clogged and require chemical washing. 2 Affected by the degree of acidity and basicity. It is characterized by being unaffected by oxidants 29.

[Audio] One of the advantages of polyamide is its ability to withstand pH levels during operation Membranes are classified according to shape into: 1 Tubular membranes"Tubular": The membrane is in the form of a tube that enters a porous cylinder that serves as a support for the membrane where water penetrates from the back and flows through holes in the cylinder where it is collected while the salt water remains outside the tube and membrane. Tubular membranes are easy to clean but one of their most important drawbacks is the high ratio of volume to surface area while it is necessary to reduce the volume to increase the pressure required to be generated on these membranes so the use of these membranes is no longer common. High pressure pumps are used to pass pure water through the membrane and trap the salt. Multistage centrifugal pumps are usually used.Multi-stage centrifugal or positive displacement pumps such as piston pumps. The choice of the type of pump depends on the quality of the salt water and its degree of salinity. The higher the degree of salinity the higher the pressure required. Increasing the pressure leads to obtaining Higher productivity than fresh water but at the expense of the quality of this water meaning that the percentage of dissolved salt in the resulting water will increase. Usually pressures are used that are proportional to the strength and durability of the membrane as if these pressures are exceeded this will cause damage to the membrane and cause it to rupture. Also using low pressures that are not appropriate for this membrane may reduce the unit’s productivity and decrease its efficiency. As a general rule pumps with pressures ranging between17-25 bar if the water salinity is moderate and pressures ranging between 45-80 bar are used if the water is very salty while pressures less than 17 bar are used for low-salinity water. 30.

[Audio] 1 Coiled spiral membranes""Wound Spiral": Spiral membranes are a development of tubular membranes in which a porous incompressible membrane is placed between two sheets of membranes glued to their edges around the porous membrane with an adhesive and the resulting tape is wound spirally around a perforated tube. The brine is placed under pressure in the osmosis unit where it passes axially along the length of the membrane through a permeable support."Spacer" to the spiral tape passing through the membrane to the porous cover that collects water from the layers of membranes and transports it to the central collection tube through small holes along the length of the tube. Figure 19 – Spiral membranes 2 Vacuum filament membranes (Hollow hairs)Hollow Fiber"): Membranes with hollow filaments are formed.”Hollow Fiber is made of a huge number of hollow fibers in the shape of the letter “U” around a central porous tube through which salt water enters under pressure and is distributed evenly over the surface of the tube. The pressure forces the water to pass through the walls of the fiber into the internal space and from there. The water flows to both ends of the vacuum thread which are open to a collection plate for the treated water on the opposite side from the entry of the salt water. As for the water concentrated with salt it flows through a circular channel on the outer circumference of the thread structure and then exits from the same direction as the raw water enters the drain. 31.

[Audio] Figure 20 Vacuum threaded membranes used in reverse osmosis processes The inner diameter of the hollow fibers isHollow Fiber is about 40-50 microns and its outer diameter is 85-100 microns so this type of membrane is characterized by increasing the ratio of the area through which water passes to the volume of fibers. the shape21: Side of one of the reverse osmosis units 5 – 4 2 Electrodialysis “Electrodialysis” “Electrodialysis electrodialysis or electrodialysis.”Electrodialysis is a relatively old technology that relies on the transfer of positive ions present in water through a semi-permeable membrane called a cationic membrane. This membrane only allows positive ions to pass using a negative electrode and negative ions are transmitted in return Across a membrane The anionic 32.

[Audio] membrane is attracted to the positive electrode thus separating the salt impurities from the water and fresh water remains between the two membranes which is collected and withdrawn from the unit and so the process continues. Figure 22: Membrane separation unit The productivity of one electrical sorting cell is limited so more than one cell is used to reach the required production level so electrical sorting units consist of a number of cells. The electrical sorting units consist of a number of narrow chambers (cells) into which the water to be treated is pumped through them. These chambers are separated from each other by semi-permeable membranes that allow only one type of ions to pass through It only transmits positive ions. It is called cationic membranes.Cationic membrane while others transmit ions to a negative level and are called anionic membranes. When an electric current passes through these cells the semi-permeable membranes trap the ions in the form of impurities in small compartments designated for... This is in the cell and at the end of the process pure water collects in its own compartments while salts cations or anions are present in adjacent compartments 33.

[Audio] Industri ( the electrici ) : For sorti shap al Unit The : Source The membr Sorti electricia anous ng The electrical sorting method is suitable for treating industrial wastewater especially boiler water because this method does not depend on the use of chemicals like other methods. However there are many factors that have led to this method not being widespread. 1 The high cost of membranes 2 Operation and maintenance costs 3 Changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of water such as increased alkalinity which contributes to the occurrence of limescale in pipes and vessels. Figure 23: Side of an industrial water treatment unit using electrolytic sorting technology 5 5 Nutrient removal (nitrogen and phosphorus) 34.

[Audio] Phosphorus and nitrogen are the two nutrients that cause the phenomenon of algae growth taking into account that this is not the only problem caused by these nutrients. For example ammonia is considered toxic to some aquatic organisms and nitrite causes blue baby disease. Phosphate also affects the chemical removal of turbidity and nutrients can be removed chemically and biologically. First: removing phosphorus Phosphorus can be present in raw wastewater at a rate ranging from 2-20 mg/L either in an inorganic form or an organic form. It is necessary for biological treatment and its presence in the final sewage water causes an increase in algae growth and its removal can occur either chemically or biologically.  Chemical removal of phosphorus CompleteThis is done through a chemical deposition process by adding aluminum and iron salts Metal compound Equation Weight ratio (M 3 plus to P) Fe3 plus FeCl3 Fe3 plus to P = 1.8 to 1 FeCl3 to P = 5.2 to 1 Al3 plus Al2 (S-O-4--)3.14H2O Al3 plus to P = 0.87 to 1 =SameAlum AlCl3 Alum to P = 9.6 to 1 Na2Al2O4 [Sodium aluminate] This method is flawed 1 High cost of removal 2 Increased sludge volume Resulting 35.

[Audio]  Biological removal of phosphorus Bacteria need phosphorus to complete their reproductive activity and build new cells. Therefore 20-40% of the phosphorus compounds are removed in the formation of new bacterial cells. The basis of the idea of removing phosphorus biologically is to rely on enhancing stimulating and growingTypes of microorganisms that use phosphorus as an energy store by adding an anaerobic tank1Before the aeration basin. 1. The returned sludge is mixed with raw water in the anaerobic sump 2. In these anaerobic conditions bacterial cells (phosphate storage bacteria) beginPAOs) by absorbing volatile fatty acids and storing them in the form(P-H-B--)As a strategic reserve as a result of this process phosphate is released in the form of orthophosphate. As a result of this process the concentration of orthophosphate increases in the environment surrounding the cells. Anaerobic aquarium V-F-As (short chain) B-O-D plus Hetero (Facultative)Anaerobic digestion B-O-D plus V-F-As plus Poly-P plus PAOPHB plus Ortho-P plus Acetate 1. Bacteria aerobically oxidize the rest of the organic matter 2. get upPAO(Phosphate storage bacteria) through the process of producing new cells using the energy in the organic stockPHBIt is aided by free dissolved oxygen and the absorption of phosphorus Aeration basin which is necessary to build new cells which is present outside the 36.

[Audio] cell in the form of...Orth-PIts source is wastewater and the product of anaerobic processes 3. Excess energy is used to store excess energyOrtho-Pinside the cell in the form ofPolyPWhich increases containmentSludgeOn phosphorus so the sludge must be excluded whenever it is saturated with phosphorus. Phosphorus removal is greater in aerobic than anaerobic. P-H-B plus O2 plus Ortho-P ---(rapid aerobic metabolism) plus PAOnew cells plus H-2-O plus C-O-2 plus Poly-P Second: Nitrogen removal: Nitrogen is found in biologically treated water in the form of: Organic nitrogen ammonia nitrate nitrite Biological removal of nitrogen: Nitrogen can be removed biologically by: Bacterial representation. Moss growth. 1 Bacterial representation: 37.

[Audio] When growing microorganisms need the presence of nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus in order to use them in metabolism but this method depends on the length of time. Nitrification and removal is the basic method for removing nitrogen and is carried out in two steps The first step: nitrification Step Two: Reverse nitrificationDenitrification In it nitrogen is eliminated in the form of a gas by bacteria consuming nitrates in anaerobic conditions and providing a carbon source.(BOD or external carbon source) 38.

[Audio] After the nitrification process the nitrogen can be disposed of into a basin known as:Anoxic in which nitrate and nitrite are transformed into nitrogen gas that is easily released into the atmosphere 2 Algal growth: Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are used with light energy to produce algae cells which release oxygen that oxidizes the nitrogen. When using any of the previous two methods take into account the application of appropriate techniques to remove the pollutants resulting from that technique (suspended materials bacteria algae et cetera)... 39.

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[Audio] He prepared the second version of this program:Triple processing technology a companyWestern Chemist / Ahmed Abdel Fattah Serry Aswan Company Chemist / Ahmed Mahmoud Hussein Dakahlia Company Dr . Muhammad Ibrahim Ahmed Holding Company Chemist / Muhammad Ali Al-Ikhnawi Holding Company Dr . Hani El-Tohamy Hamdan Arrange the names in alphabetical order The artistic coordination and direction of this release were carried out by: Sanitation Reference Laboratory Holding Company Chemist/ Muhammad AlSufi Zain Al-Abidin General Administration of Career Path Chemist/ Mahmoud Gomaa Holding Company 41.

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