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English 10 17 2 Festivals and Celebrations Getting started Look at the pictures and talk about them. Holi Eid Biska Jatra Machhindranath Jatra Reading I Answer the following questions. a. What is the man in the picture doing? b. Which is your favourite festival? Tell to the class about it..

[Audio] Slide number two focuses on the Battle of the Oranges, a festival held in the town of Ivrea, Italy. It is a chaotic and thrilling event where participants engage in an exchange of oranges. The writer recalls getting hit with an orange in the chest, causing them to fall back into a pile of orange mush. However, there is a method to the madness, as participants are advised to wear a red hat, known as the berretto frigio, to avoid being targeted. This hat is a symbol of freedom, worn by freed slaves in Roman times and later by peasants fighting against feudal lords. The writer also mentions getting hit in the head but feeling relieved when they remember that the oranges used are safe to consume. The event features nine teams of orange-throwers on foot and opponents on horse-drawn carriages. The aranceri, or orange-throwers, wear uniforms while their opponents don costumes reminiscent of Doctor Who. The battle results in a mixture of orange pulp and horse manure covering the square, creating a unique smell. Throughout the battle, aranceri rush back and forth to collect oranges as weapons. It is a chaotic and exhilarating scene, with oranges flying through the air and cai'ts being bombarded from all sides. This festival not only celebrates the town's history but also promotes camaraderie and community among the participants. It truly is a remarkable spectacle and a one-of-a-kind experience..

[Audio] We are currently on slide number 3 out of 17 in our English 10 class. Our topic for today is various festivals and celebrations. The slide prompts readers to discuss and share their favorite festival. Let's take a closer look at the text. The scene depicted is quite chaotic, with horses briefly stopping and oranges being thrown. The cart then continues on, with the "aranceri" or orange throwers chasing after it and hurling their supplies. What stands out to me is that the aranceri are not wearing any protection. They have orange bits and juice caked in their hair and running down their faces, some even with injuries. Despite this, they hold their heads high and passionately proclaim their team's war cries. As one of the aranceri, Silvia, says, this is the moment they wait for all year. She even claims she will be happy to have a black eye tomorrow. But what motivates these participants to take part in such a dangerous event? According to Silvia, Carnival is beneficial for their psychological well-being, allowing them to release built-up frustrations and feel refreshed after the three days of celebration. Though accidents may occur, Silvia insists that it is a beneficial experience. I am curious to know what it feels like to be a part of this chaotic scene. Though I am not expected to join in the "battle", I cannot help but imagine myself wearing a hat and avoiding any involvement. However, even those wearing hats cannot resist the urge to throw an occasional orange. To prevent any further trouble, volunteers advise the public to stay behind protective nets. However, not everyone follows this advice. Massi, an "arancere" of the Morte team, proudly wears a gigantic skull on the back of his orange-stained uniform. He believes that to truly experience Carnival, one must be in the middle of the battle. When asked if he is afraid of getting hurt, he simply laughs and claims that the thrill outweighs any potential risk. He even extends an invitation to others to join him in the midst of the battle. As a teacher, I am responsible for your safety and well-being and must decline the invitation. However, I cannot deny that this celebration is a unique and exhilarating experience. So, let us continue our discussion on festivals and celebrations..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing various festivals and celebrations around the world. Our focus will be on slide number 4 where we will be matching words with their meanings to understand the different elements and significance of these festivals. On this slide, we have a list of words and their meanings. The first word is 'mush' which means to throw something violently in a particular direction. The second word is 'jerk' which means to make something move with a sudden short sharp movement. Next, we have 'hurl' which means to throw something forcefully. Then, we have 'sip' which means to drink something, taking a very small amount each time. The word 'clutch' means to hold something tightly. Next, we have 'pulp' which refers to the soft inner part of fruits and vegetables. Finally, we have 'concussion' which is a temporary loss of consciousness. Make sure to take note of these words as they will come in handy for our discussion. Moving on, we have a true or false section. The narrator is attending a festival and we are given some statements about it. It is important to pay close attention to the details as we go through the slide. Now, let's answer some questions about the text. The first question is, what does the red hat symbolize? The red hat in this festival represents a sense of unity and belonging among the participants. Next, we have 'How does the narrator feel when she wipes her face?' The narrator feels exhausted and overwhelmed by the chaos of the festival. Moving on, 'What does the square look like after an hour of battle of the oranges?' The square is a mess, covered in orange pulp and juice, with the smell of oranges and sweat in the air. Then, we have 'How do aranceri members chase the cart?' They chase it by throwing oranges at it and creating a chaotic and intense atmosphere. Finally, 'Does Silvia enjoy this carnival? Why?' Silvia enjoys it because it brings people together..

[Audio] Today's presentation is on festivals and celebrations. We will be discussing unique and interesting festivals celebrated around the world. One of these is the Battle of the Oranges, where people throw oranges at each other. Your task is to choose a festival and gather information to share with the class. This will help us learn about different cultures and traditions. Next, we will focus on pronunciation by determining syllables and stress in English words. Then, we have a speaking activity to practice reported speech for improved grammar and sentence structure. This slide also includes the title 'English 10' and the slide number '21' for reference. Let's continue to the next slide..

[Audio] Today, in class, we will be discussing festivals and celebrations from different countries. We will begin with the sixth question, where you will talk about your favorite festival. Next, I would like you to work in pairs and answer the following questions. Have you experienced this festival before? Did you enjoy it? Is there a specific ritual or tradition associated with this festival? Did you bring in a priest to perform any rituals? When discussing, how did you plan your conversation? What activities did you enjoy the most? Moving on to grammar, we will practice indirect speech. The first sentence is 'Are you working tonight?' which can be changed to 'Agaman asked Timothy if he was working tonight.' The next is 'Is this the road to the station?' which can be changed to 'A stranger wanted to know from me if this was the road to the station.' Our third sentence is 'Did you do your homework?' which can be changed to 'My friend inquired her if she did her homework.' The fourth sentence is 'Have you been to Paris?' which can be changed to 'The tourist was asked if they had been to Paris.' Lastly, 'How long have you been working in this company?' can be changed to 'Usha inquired of Anju how long she had been working in this company.' Lastly, 'What flavor ice cream did you have at the party?' can be changed to 'My mother asked me what flavor ice cream I had at the party.' I hope you understand the text and are ready to participate in the activity. Remember to get creative with your conversations and practice indirect speech..

[Audio] We are now on slide number 7 out of 17, discussing various festivals and celebrations. The slide prompts readers to share their favorite festival. This is a great opportunity to learn about different cultures and traditions. Let's move on to the first question on this slide: "Have you studied reported speech before?" Let's take a moment to think about it and share our thoughts. Moving on to the next question, "Where will you stay tonight?" I asked him. This question shows how reported speech is used to relay a past conversation. Can someone provide an example of this using the reported speech along with the question? Next, the activity is "How many players were shown yellow cards by the referee?" Sumangal asked his friend. Here, we see the use of reported speech in a question format. Can someone explain how we can change this into reported speech? We also have the question, "What magic did the medicine have on the patient?" Sarita wanted to know from Sommaya. Reported speech can also be used to ask questions. Can someone give me an example using the reported speech and the question? Moving on, we will change some remarks into reported speech. The first one is "Kritika asked me, "Why did you go out last night?" Can anyone share the correct reported speech sentence? Next, we have "Who was that beautiful woman, Usha?" said Sunita. Can we change this into reported speech? Consider the tense and pronouns that need to be changed. We also have "How is your mother?" said Gaurab to Yang Dolma. Can someone give the reported speech for this statement? Remember to change the tense and pronouns. Next, we have "My friend wanted to know, "What are you going to do this weekend?" Can you provide the reported speech for this? Lastly, we have "Where will you live after graduation?" said my teacher. Can anyone give the reported speech for this statement? And for the last two, we have "Anusha said to Melisha, "What were you doing when I saw you?" and I said to the pilgrim, "How was the journey?" Can someone give me the reported speech for these statements?.

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing the festivals and celebrations around the world, including Diwali, Chinese New Year, and Holi. Slide number 8 focuses on Thanksgiving, which is well-known in the United States but also celebrated in other countries. We have a set of questions for you to answer in today's reading, which will help you understand the significance and celebration of Thanksgiving in different parts of the world. The first question is, what festivals are celebrated in your community? Consider the festivals you have attended or heard about and their purposes. The second question is, why are these festivals celebrated? Take some time to discuss with your classmates. Thanksgiving is more than just a big feast and spending time with family and friends. It is a reflection of American heritage, culture, and traditions. It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November as a national holiday in the United States, commemorating the Pilgrims' first harvest in 1621. The first celebration had 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims in attendance, and it has been intermittently celebrated since then. A large family dinner is one of Thanksgiving's main traditions, with Americans consuming more food than any other day of the year, including Christmas. Traditional dishes such as roast turkey, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, and fall vegetables, all native to America, are a must-have. Parades are also an important part of Thanksgiving celebrations, from small town parades with local bands to the famous Macy's Thanksgiving parade in New York, bringing people together to celebrate. Although Thanksgiving may seem like a uniquely American holiday, it is celebrated in other countries as well..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing different festivals and celebrations from around the world. This is Slide 9 out of 17. On this slide, we will be learning about Chuseok in South Korea and Dia de Acao de Gracas in Brazil. Chuseok, also known as Hangnail, is a traditional Korean holiday that is celebrated on the 15th day of August according to the lunar calendar. This festival is dedicated to honoring one's ancestors and celebrating the fall harvest. Similar to Thanksgiving in the USA, Chuseok is one of the most popular holidays in Korea. During this time, Koreans return to their ancestral hometowns to celebrate with their families. The day starts with a ceremony where food and wine are offered to ancestors, followed by a meal consisting of fish, newly harvested vegetables, and grains. The most famous food associated with this holiday is songpyon, a crescent-shaped rice cake that is cooked on a bed of pine needles. Later in the day, celebrants visit the graves of their ancestors and perform more ceremonies. Chuseok is also a time for gift-giving and participating in athletic events such as tug-of-war, archery contests, and sumo wrestling matches. Other activities include dancing and playing traditional music. On this day, many Koreans wear hanbok, the traditional clothing. Moving on to Brazil, Thanksgiving is a relatively new celebration, but it is celebrated with great enthusiasm. It is said that when the former Brazilian President, Gaspar Dutra, visited the USA, he was inspired to bring this holiday to Brazil. In Brazil, Thanksgiving is a time for people to come together and give thanks for all the good things in their lives. It is a day to show gratitude and enjoy a traditional meal with friends and family. Similar to the American tradition, the meal usually includes turkey, pumpkin pie, and other favorite dishes. In conclusion, festivals and celebrations are a wonderful way to honor traditions, show gratitude, and bring people together. Now, think about your favorite festival or celebration and be prepared to share it with the class. Let's move on to our next slide..

[Audio] We are now on slide number 10 of our presentation on various festivals and celebrations around the world. In this slide, we will be discussing some unique and interesting festivals that take place in different countries. First, we have the Dia de Acao de Cracas in Peru. This festival was founded in 1949 and is a celebration of the abundant harvest. It begins with a mass, followed by a vibrant carnival, and a trip to the beach. Another festival we will be discussing is the Brazilian Thanksgiving feast, which combines traditional and exotic flavors, using a sauce made from the native Jaboticaba fruit on the roasted turkey. Next, we have the Liberian Thanksgiving, founded in the 19th century by liberated American slaves, and celebrated with a church service and a spread of roasted chicken, green bean casserole, and mashed cassava with added spices. Lastly, we have Crop Over in Barbados, a 12-week celebration culminating in the Grand Kadooment, which celebrates the sugar cane harvest and has been a tradition in Barbados since the 1780s. Festivals and celebrations allow us to appreciate and learn about different cultures and traditions. Let's take a moment to reflect and share our favorite festival from this presentation..

[Audio] Today we will be discussing festival number 11 out of 17, focusing on the Homowo festival in Ghana and the Mehregan festival in Iran. The Homowo festival commemorates the end of a famine in Ghana and is celebrated with a feast of traditional dishes. It takes place between May and September and starts with the sowing of millet and ends with a night of singing, dancing, and drumming. The Mehregan festival in Iran is a celebration of the goddess Mehr and a bountiful harvest. It is held on the 196th day of the Iranian year and includes new clothes, community blessings, and a grand feast with traditional table decorations. Some villages even sacrifice and slow-roast a sheep. During the festival, people also rub kohl for good luck and throw marjoram, lotus, and sugar plum seeds. Before moving on, let's quickly review the meaning of 'intermittent,' which refers to something happening at irregular intervals. Thank you for your attention and see you on the next slide..

[Audio] This presentation will focus on festivals and celebrations around the world. We will be discussing various traditions and customs practiced in different countries during important events. The goal of this presentation is to learn, share, and appreciate the diverse cultures and their unique ways of commemorating special occasions. On this slide, we have a series of phrases that describe different aspects of festivals. We will analyze each phrase's meanings and their significance. The first phrase is "to remind people of an important event or person from the past," which suggests that festivals often have a historical significance and serve as a way to honor important figures. It also reminds us of the importance of preserving our cultural heritage. The next phrase is "in a way that shows the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person or thing," which could refer to the traditional costumes, dances, and rituals associated with a specific festival. It is a way of showcasing the distinct characteristics of a particular culture. The following phrase is "a curved shape that is wide in the middle and pointed at each end," which could be a reference to the traditional decorations or structures built during festivals, such as colorful arches and lanterns. The phrase "full of life and energy" describes the vibrant atmosphere of festivals, where people come together to celebrate and enjoy each other's company. "A person who is having fun in a noisy way, usually with a group of other people," could be talking about the lively and enthusiastic crowd found in festivals, singing, dancing, and having a great time. The phrase "from or in another country; seeming exciting and unusual" suggests the idea of foreign or exotic festivals and encourages us to explore and appreciate cultures beyond our own. The last two phrases, "to spread through and be easy to notice" and "brightly colored and likely to attract attention," highlight the visual appeal and widespread influence of festivals. They catch the attention of many, and it's hard to miss the lively festivities and decorations..

[Audio] We are now on slide 13 out of 17 which discusses various festivals and celebrations. The prompt is to share and discuss our favorite festival in Section C. In America, Thanksgiving is characterized by a large feast with family and friends. Parades during Thanksgiving often feature colorful floats, marching bands, and giant balloons. In Korea, the fall festival of Chuseok is a time to give thanks for a bountiful harvest and pay respects to ancestors. Thanksgiving in Brazil was influenced by the Portuguese tradition of celebrating the end of the sugar cane harvest. In Liberia, freed American slaves started the tradition of Thanksgiving to celebrate their newfound freedom and new homeland. In Barbados, Thanksgiving is a celebration to give thanks for a successful sugarcane harvest. Homowo in Ghana is a harvest festival that also honors ancestors. In Section D, we are asked to discuss how our community expresses gratitude for food and harvest. In Section A, we looked at pictures of special days such as April Fool's Day, Earth Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day, and New Year's Eve. Section B prompts a class discussion on our preferences for these special days. Next, we will explore cultural celebrations from around the world. Thank you for participating in our presentation..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing various festivals and celebrations from around the world. On slide 14, you will be listening to five speakers and determining if the statements about their experiences are true or false. I will be reading each statement and you will write down your response. We are only focusing on the five speakers in this task. Speaker 1 shared their experience during a festival and you will write down if one of their co-workers played tricks on everyone and if they had a wonderful time. Similarly, for Speaker 2, you will note if they mentioned Earth Day and if the book club planted flowers or went anywhere that day. Speaker 3 talked about a special day with their family, and you will record if their mother enjoyed the mess made in the kitchen and if the kids served her breakfast in bed. Speaker 4 discussed their experience during a celebration, and you will write down if they had a party with their friends and went to a big family dinner. Finally, for Speaker 5, you will note if they went to a great party and if their neighbors had a noisy party. Moving on to the last part of our presentation, on slide 17, we have a question for you. I want you to think about a special day that you celebrated this year and share it with the class. It can be a festival, birthday, holiday, or anything meaningful to you. We'd love to hear about your experiences and learn about different celebrations from around the world. I hope you all enjoyed this activity and learned more about festivals and celebrations. See you in our next lesson..

[Audio] Today, in our Grammar II lesson, we will be discussing sentence construction and choosing the correct alternatives from brackets. We will look at some examples from slide number 15. In sentence A, Sujita asked her mother about her father's arrival time and could have asked "when will her father come home", "when might her father come home", or "when might her father come home". Moving on to sentence B, a question was asked about caviar and the correct sentence would be "Have you ever had caviar?" or "Would you have had caviar?". In the next sentence, a salesperson is asking a customer "What can I do for you?" In sentence D, a tourist is inquiring about their destination and the correct question would be "whether I am belonging" or "whether I belong". For the sentence involving a little girl asking about the time to come back, the correct sentence would be "were we supposed to come back" or "were we supposed to have been back". Moving on to sentence F, the head teacher wants to know if the student has filled out her exam form and the correct question would be "whether she had filled out the form". In sentence G, Renuka is asking someone if they have called her and the correct question would be "if I had called her". We will now move on to slide number 16, where we will discuss an interview with our Social Studies teacher, Mr. Sudeep Prasad Joshi, on the Newari tradition of Ihi. Nihar asked Mr. Joshi about the reason behind this tradition and he explained that it is to ensure the fertility of the girl and to avoid the Sati tradition. This concludes our lesson for today. Thank you for listening and I look forward to hearing your thoughts on festivals and celebrations during our discussion on slide number 17..

[Audio] Today, we will be discussing a unique tradition known as Bel Bibaha or Ihi, practiced in some parts of Nepal. This tradition involves the marriage of young girls to Lord Vishnu, believed to ensure the girl will never become a widow after the death of her mortal husband. According to Mr. Joshi, this tradition is performed for girls between the ages of five and nine and holds great significance due to the use of Bel fruit as a witness to the marriage. The ceremony lasts for two days and places restrictions on participants, particularly in regards to consuming foods and drinks with salt. This tradition has been in practice since 2050 BS and is part of the Vitamin A program. As part of our project work, a questionnaire has been prepared to gather information about local festivals celebrated by our friends. This information will be presented in a brief report to the class, allowing us to better understand the diverse cultures and traditions within our community. Let's continue to slide 17 for our final discussion..

[Audio] Hello everyone, and welcome to the final slide of our presentation on festivals and celebrations. As we come to the end, we will be discussing the significance of word stress in the English language. First, what is word stress? It is an additional emphasis used when speaking a specific word or syllable. This can greatly alter the meaning and pronunciation of a word. There are several fundamental rules to follow when it comes to word stress. Let's take a look at them. Rule number one: a one-syllable word has stress on the first letter. For example, "do," "pot," "song," and "read." Rule number two: Nouns and most two-syllable adjectives and adverbs have stress on the first syllable. For instance, "FA-ther," "HAP-py," "UN-der," and "PRES-ent." Rule number three: A two-syllable verb has stress on the second syllable. For example, "cor-RECT," "pre-SENT," and "be-LIEVE." Rule number four: Most three-syllable nouns and adjectives have stress on the first syllable, except for words with a long vowel sound, like "engiNEER." Some examples are "POL-i-tics," "GEN-er-al," "DEL-i-cate," and "EX-cel-lent." Rule number five: Three-syllable verbs have stress on the first syllable, unless they have prefixes, such as "reMEMber" and "conTINue." For example, "OR-gan-ize," "DEC-a-rate," and "SIG-ni-fy." Rule number six: Words that end in -cy, -ty, -phy, and -gy have stress on the third-from-last syllable. For instance, "de-MOC-ra-cy" and "un-CER-tain-ty." And lastly, rule number seven: Compound nouns have stress on the first part, such as "HAIR-brush," "SO-me-thing," "CLASS-room," "BREAK-fast," and "FOOT-ball." Remember, understanding word stress is crucial for accurate pronunciation and effective communication in English. That concludes our presentation on festivals and celebrations. I hope you have learned something new and interesting. Thank you for being an excellent audience, and have a fantastic day!.