Solid Waste Management

20M244 SARATH CHANDRA S G2 – Mechanical PSG College Of Technology.

Table of Contents. 01. 02. 03. 04. Introduction. Causes.

Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from human activities in residential, industrial or commercial areas. It may be categorized in three ways. According to its: Origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional) Contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc) Hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc)..

Household waste or Municipal Waste . Hazardous waste or Industrial Waste . Biomedical Waste ..

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)—more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses. With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal waste has been increasing and its composition changing..

Food 14.6% Yard trimmings 13.5% Wood 6.2% Paper Glass 4.5% Metals 9.1% Plastics 12.8%.

Industrial solid waste is defined as waste that is generated by businesses from an industrial or manufacturing process or waste generated from non-manufacturing activities that are managed as a separate waste stream. Businesses that utilize manufacturing or industrial processes, or that are service or commercial establishments, are likely producing industrial solid waste. This is a special classification of non-hazardous, non-household waste that requires, by state law, special evaluation to determine the proper disposal method..

Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter from restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, semi-solid or liquid in form. It may be hazardous or non-hazardous waste. Industrial waste may pollute the nearby soil or adjacent water bodies, and can contaminate groundwater, lakes, streams, rivers or coastal waters. Industrial waste is often mixed into municipal waste, making accurate assessments difficult. An estimate for the US goes as high as 7.6 billion tons of industrial waste produced annually, as of 2017. Most countries have enacted legislation to deal with the problem of industrial waste, but strictness and compliance regimes vary..

Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any kind of waste containing infectious materials. It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin , as well research laboratory waste containing bio molecules or organisms that are mainly restricted from environmental release. Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and activities, such as the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common generators of biomedical waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, emergency medical services, medical research laboratories, offices of physicians, dentists, veterinarians, home health care and funeral homes. In healthcare facilities , waste with these characteristics may alternatively be called medical or clinical waste..

EFFECTS.

If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to acumulate , they may create unsanitary conditions. This may lead to epidemic outbreaks. Many diseases like Cholera, Diarrhea, Dysentery, jaundice, plague, or gastro intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives Improper handling of the solid wastes, a health hazard for the workers that come in direct contact with the waste..

If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and putrefaction may take place Organic solid waste during decomposition may generate intolerable odor. Non degradable wastes like e-wastes, plastics etc are hazardous for the ecosystem..

This involves collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved..

A landfill site, also known as a tip , dump , rubbish dump , garbage dump , or dumping ground , is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into pits; in archeology this is known as a midden . Some landfill sites are also used for waste management purposes, such as temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling. Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during an earthquake. Once full the area over a landfill site may be reclaimed for other uses..

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat that is generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power..

The pyrolysis (or devolatilization ) process is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere.It involves a change of chemical composition. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating". Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the treatment of organic materials. It is one of the processes involved in charring wood. In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces volatile products and leaves char, a carbon-rich, solid residue. Extreme pyrolysis , which leaves mostly carbon as the residue, is called carbonization. Pyrolysis is considered the first step in the processes of gasification or combustion..

Gasification is a process that converts biomass- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into gases, including as the largest fractions: nitrogen (N2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This is achieved by reacting the feedstock material at high temperatures (typically >700 °C), without combustion, via controlling the amount of oxygen and/or steam present in the reaction. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel due to the flammability of the H2 and CO of which the gas is largely composed. Power can be derived from the subsequent combustion of the resultant gas, and is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass feedstock..

Composting is the natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants. Anything that grows decomposes eventually; composting simply speeds up the process by providing an ideal environment for bacteria, fungi, and other decomposing organisms (such as worms, sowbugs , and nematodes) to do their work. The resulting decomposed matter, which often ends up looking like fertile garden soil, is called compost. Fondly referred to by farmers as “black gold,” compost is rich in nutrients and can be used for gardening, horticulture, and agriculture..

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