PowerPoint Presentation

[Audio] Hello Everyone ! This presentation is about Tuberculosis. Let Us start our learning...

[Audio] Learning Objectives. At the end of this session the participant will be able to: Define TB cases State the four key features important to classifying TB cases. Categorize TB cases Describe the criteria and method for determining an infectious period. Evaluate the risk of transmission based on clinical content of disease and diagnostic tests. Able to identify the risk behaviors and risk factors..

[Audio] Tuberculosis ( TB) is a bacterial infection(a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis) spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. It mainly affects the lungs, but it can affect any part of the body, including the tummy ( abdomen), glands, bones and nervous system. Incubation period: 2 to 10 weeks after the initial infection.

[Audio] TB Classification. TB cases are also classified according to: Anatomical site of TB Disease Bacteriologic results (including drug resistance) History of previous TB treatment HIV status of the patient.

[Audio] Pulmonary Tuberculosis . Pulmonary Tuberculosis ( PTB): Refers to disease involving the lung parenchymaA patient with both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB constitutes a case of PTB Miliary TB is classified as PTB because there are lesions in the lungs..

[Audio] Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis ( EPTB): Refers to TB disease of organs other than the lungs. Therefore the following constitute a case of EPTB: Tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy ( mediastinal and/or hilar) Tuberculous pleural effusion, without radiographic abnormalities in the lungs Extra thoracic TB.

[Audio] Tuberculosis also can be classified according to the anatomical part it affected. One is Pulmonary TB and the other is Extra Pulmonary TB; Pulmonary TB contains Primary disease and secondary Disease; and Extra Pulmonary TB includes Lymph node TB, Pleural TB, TB of upper airways, Skeletal TB, , Genitourinary TB, Miliary TB, Pericardial TB, Gastro Intestinal TB , Tuberculous Meningitis and some other less Common forms..

[Audio] Classification By CDC; Data from the history, physical examination, TB test, chest xray, and microbiologic studies are used to classify TB into one of five classes. Class 0. There is no exposure or no infection. So Negative reaction to TST or IGRA. Class 1. There is an exposure but no evidence of infection. History of exposure to M. tuberculosis •Negative reaction to TST or IGRA (given at least 8 to 10 weeks after exposure) Class 2. There is latent infection but no disease. Positive reaction to TST or IGRA •Negative bacteriological studies ( smear and cultures) •No bacteriological or radiographic evidence of active TB disease Class 3. There is a disease and is clinically active. Positive culture for M. tuberculosis OR •Positive reaction to TST or IGRA, plus clinical, bacteriological, or radiographic evidence of current active TB Class 4. There is a disease but not clinically active. •May have past medical history of TB disease •Abnormal but stable radiographic findings •Positive reaction to the TST or IGRA •Negative bacteriologic studies (smear and cultures) •No clinical or radiographic evidence of current active TB disease Class 5. There is a suspected disease but the diagnosis is pending. Signs and symptoms of active TB disease, but medical evaluation not complete.

[Audio] Difference between latent and Active Tuberculosis; In latent TB , The mycobacterium lives but does not grow in the body; and It doesnot make a person feel sick or symptoms; and also can't spread from person to person; and incase our immune power comes down or incase our nutritional status becomes very low or our body's physiological function is in stress, it may advance to TB disease. And on the other hand, we see the TB disease is active and grows in the body, also makes a person feel sick , and also it is communicable to person to person and can cause death if not treated. Treatment can stop TB disease from developing… incase of latent TB….. and on the other hand in the TB disease treatment can stop TB disease..

[Audio] When seeing the Incidences Tuberculosis is a worldwide public health problem that is closely associated with poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, substandard housing, and inadequate health care. M. tuberculosis infects an estimated one-third of the world's population and remains the leading cause of death from infectious disease in the world. After exposure to M. tuberculosis, roughly 5% of infected people develop active TB within a year..

[Audio] As we all know and as we seeing our hospital also, we have many patients expatriates subjected to screening Comprehensive study on the prevalence of TB among expatriates applying for residence visas An Comprehensive study on the prevalence of TB among expatriates applying for residence visas( which is the first First study on this topic done in 2013) The results of the study indicate that the prevalence of active TB among adult expatriates subjected to screening (about 39 per 100,000) is around 14-fold higher than the estimated prevalence of TB in the UAE. The prevalence of active TB was even more among the new applicants ( 49.3 per 100,000) compared with 25.2 per 100,000 among renewals. New visa screening applicants were also more likely to be smear positive compared with renewals ..

[Audio] Causes and Risk factors for Acquiring tuberculosis includes : Close contact. Having close contact with someone who has an active TB. Low immunity. Immunocompromised status like those with HIV, cancer, or transplanted organs increases the risk of acquiring tuberculosis. Substance abuse. People who are IV/ injection drug users and alcoholics have a greater chance of acquiring tuberculosis. Inadequate health care. Any person without adequate health care like the homeless, impoverished, and the minorities often develop active TB. Immigration. Immigration from countries with a high prevalence of TB could affect the patient. Overcrowding. Living in an overcrowded, substandard housing increases the spreading of the infection. All these are the main risk factors.