Microbiology an Introduction

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 7:56:58 PM. Microbiology an Introduction.

Two Lymphocytes (Yellow). Micrograph showing tendrils stretching out from two lymphocytes, shown as rough-surfaced spheres, to attack a larger cancer cell..

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:11:26 PM. Hypersensitivity (1 of 3).

Hypersensitivity (2 of 3). Learning Objectives 19-6 Describe the mechanism of cytotoxic reactions and how drugs can induce them. 19-7 Describe the basis of the ABO and Rh blood group systems. 19-8 Explain the relationships among blood groups, blood, transfusions, and hemolytic disease of the newborn. 19-9 Describe the mechanism of immune complex reactions. 19-10 Describe the mechanism of delayed cell-mediated reactions, and name two examples..

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:16:47 PM. Big Picture: Human Microbiome and IBD (1 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:18:41 PM. Big Picture: Human Microbiome and IBD (2 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:24:38 PM. Big Picture: Human Microbiome and IBD (3 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:25:55 PM. Big Picture: Human Microbiome and IBD (4 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:35:41 PM. Hypersensitivity (3 of 3).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:59:06 PM. Table 19.1 Types of Hypersensitivity.

Check Your Understanding-1. Check Your Understanding Are all immune responses beneficial? 19-1.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 8:59:51 PM. Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions (1 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:00:30 PM. Figure 19.1 The Mechanism of Anaphylaxis.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:03:51 PM. Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions (2 of 2).

Figure 19.2 Localized Anaphylaxis. Micrographs of localized anaphylaxis. Part ay: A micrograph, S E M, of pollen grains, appearing as spiked spheres. Scale is 40 micrometers, about half the diameter of a pollen grain. Part b: A micrograph, S E M, of a house mite on fabric. A bulbous insect with eight legs is sitting on long, thin fibers. Scale is 55 micrometers, one-fifth the length of the mite..

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:09:10 PM. Preventing Anaphylactic Reactions.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:09:22 PM. Figure 19.3 A Skin Test to Identify Allergens.

Check Your Understanding-2. Check Your Understanding In what tissues do we find the mast cells that are major contributors to allergic reactions such as hay fever? 19-2 Which is the more dangerous to life: systemic or localized anaphylaxis? 19-3 How can we tell whether a person is sensitive to a particular allergen, such as a tree pollen? 19-4 Which antibody types need to be blocked to desensitize a person subject to allergies? 19-5.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:10:51 PM. Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions (1 of 3).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:11:57 PM. Table 19.2 The ABO Blood Group System.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:21:27 PM. Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions (2 of 3).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:23:52 PM. Figure 19.4 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:27:06 PM. Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions (3 of 3).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:29:43 PM. Figure 19.5 Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenic Purpura.

Check Your Understanding-3. Check Your Understanding What, besides an allergen and an antibody, is required to precipitate a cytotoxic reaction? 19-6 What are the antigens located on the cell membranes of type O blood? 19-7 If a fetus that is.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:30:29 PM. Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:32:10 PM. Figure 19.6 Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity.

Check Your Understanding-4. Check Your Understanding Are the antigens causing immune complex reactions soluble or insoluble? 19-9.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:34:46 PM. Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions (1 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:36:06 PM. Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions (2 of 2).

Figure 19.7 The Development of an Allergy (Allergic Contact Dermatitis) to Catechols from the Poison Ivy Plant.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:36:31 PM. Figure 19.8 Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

Check Your Understanding-5. Check Your Understanding What is the primary reason for the delay in a delayed cell-mediated reaction? 19-10.

Autoimmune Diseases (1 of 2). Learning Objectives 19-11 Describe a mechanism for self-tolerance. 19-12 Give an example of immune complex, cytotoxic, and cell-mediated autoimmune diseases..

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:39:20 PM. Autoimmune Diseases (2 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:51:38 PM. Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:53:50 PM. Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 9:55:01 PM. Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reactions.

Check Your Understanding-6. Check Your Understanding What is the importance of clonal deletion in the thymus? 19-11 What organ is affected in Graves ' disease? 19-12.

Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex (1 of 4).

Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex (2 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:01:15 PM. Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex (3 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:02:03 PM. Table 19.3 Diseases Related to Specific Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:03:29 PM. Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex (4 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:06:30 PM. Figure 19.9 Tissue Typing, a Serological Method.

Check Your Understanding-7. Check Your Understanding What is the relationship between the major histocompatibility complex in humans and the human leukocyte antigen complex? 19-13.

Reactions to Transplantation. Transplants may be attacked by T cells, macrophages, and complement-fixing antibodies Transplants to a privileged site and privileged tissue do not cause an immune response Cornea transplants, heart valve transplants.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:11:48 PM. Stem Cells.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:12:16 PM. Figure 19.10 Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cells.

Audio Recording Jun 1, 2022 at 10:20:35 PM. Grafts.

Check Your Understanding-8. Check Your Understanding What immune system cells are involved in the rejection of nonself transplants? 19-14 Why is a transplanted cornea usually not rejected as nonself? 19-15 Differentiate an embryonic stem cell from an adult stem cell. 19-16 Which type of transplant is most subject to hyperacute rejection? 19-17.

Check Your Understanding-9. Check Your Understanding When red bone marrow is transplanted, many immunocompetent cells are included. How can this be bad? 19-18.

Audio Recording Jun 2, 2022 at 2:08:24 PM. Immunosuppression.

Check Your Understanding-10. Check Your Understanding What cytokine is usually the target of immunosuppressant drugs intended to block transplant rejection? 19-19.

The Immune System and Cancer (1 of 2). Learning Objectives 19-20 Describe how the immune system responds to cancer and how cells evade immune responses. 19-21 Give two examples of immunotherapy..

Audio Recording Jun 2, 2022 at 2:13:21 PM. The Immune System and Cancer (2 of 2).

Figure 19.11 The Interaction Between a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) and a Cancer Cell.

Audio Recording Jun 2, 2022 at 2:24:13 PM. Immunotherapy for Cancer.

Check Your Understanding-11. Check Your Understanding What is the function of tumor-associated antigens in the development of cancer? 19-20 Give an example of a prophylactic cancer vaccine that is in current use. 19-21.

Immunodeficiencies (1 of 2). Learning Objective 19-22 Compare and contrast congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies..

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 9:45:15 AM. Immunodeficiencies (2 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 9:51:39 AM. Figure 19.12 A Nude (Hairless) Mouse Infected with Mycobacterium Leprae in the Hind Foot.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 9:58:32 AM. Table 19.4 Immunodeficiencies (1 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:23:56 AM. Table 19.4 Immunodeficiencies (2 of 2).

Check Your Understanding-12. Check Your Understanding Is AIDS an acquired or a congenital immunodeficiency? 19-22.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (1 of 3).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (2 of 3).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:25:47 AM. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (3 of 3).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:30:08 AM. The Origin of AIDS.

Check Your Understanding-13. Check Your Understanding On what continent did the HIV-1 virus arise? 19-23.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:32:47 AM. The Structure of HIV.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:33:34 AM. Figure 19.13 HIV Structure and Attachment to Receptors on Target T Cell (1 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:40:24 AM. The Infectiveness and Pathogenicity of HIV (1 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:41:00 AM. Figure 19.13 HIV Structure and Attachment to Receptors on Target T Cell (2 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:44:41 AM. The Infectiveness and Pathogenicity of HIV (2 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:45:02 AM. Figure 19.14 Latent and Active HIV Infection in.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:45:19 AM. Figure 19.15 Latent and Active HIV Infection in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:52:00 AM. Subtypes of HIV.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:56:51 AM. The Stages of HIV Infection.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 10:58:01 AM. Figure 19.16 The Progression of HIV Infection.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:01:30 AM. Resistance to HIV Infection.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:05:01 AM. Impact of Age on Survival with HIV Infection.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:05:50 AM. Table 19.5 Some Diseases Commonly Associated with AIDS (1 of 2).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:06:23 AM. Table 19.5 Some Diseases Commonly Associated with AIDS (2 of 2).

Check Your Understanding-14. Check Your Understanding What is the primary receptor on host cells to which HIV attaches? 19-24 Would an antibody against the coat of HIV be able to react with a provirus? 19-25.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:10:03 AM. Diagnostic Methods.

Check Your Understanding-15. Check Your Understanding What form of nucleic acid is detected in a PVL test for HIV? 19-28.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:10:55 AM. HIV Transmission.

Check Your Understanding-16. Check Your Understanding What is considered to be the most dangerous form of sexual contact for transmission of HIV? 19-29.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:11:43 AM. AIDS Worldwide.

Figure 19.17 Distribution of HIV Infection and AIDS in Regions of the World.

Check Your Understanding-17. Check Your Understanding What is the most common mode, worldwide, by which HIV is transmitted? 19-30.

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:13:03 AM. Preventing and Treating AIDS (1 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:17:53 AM. Preventing and Treating AIDS (2 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:24:26 AM. Preventing and Treating AIDS (3 of 4).

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:30:18 AM. Preventing and Treating AIDS (4 of 4).

Figure 19.18 Drugs that Inhibit HIV Life Cycle. Diagram showing different types of anti-H I V drugs and where they function. A C D 4 plus T cell is drawn, with C D 4 and C C R 5 receptors. An H I V particle, with g p 120 and g p 41 on its surface, is drawn attaching to the cell. Fusion or entry inhibitors, such as Enfuvirtide and Maraviroc, function at the cell surface. Once the viral envelope has fused and the virus has entered the cell, the core is released and reverse transcriptase turns the viral R N Ay genome into D N Ay. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as Tenofovir and Emtricitabine, function here. The viral D N Ay then integrates into the nuclear genome, but may be blocked by integrase inhibitors such as Raltegravir. The integrated provirus may produce new virus particles that are then released from the cell. Protease inhibitors, such as Atazanavir, Indinavir, and Saquinavir, function here..

Audio Recording Jun 3, 2022 at 11:33:19 AM. The Challenges of Developing HIV Vaccines.

Check Your Understanding-18. Check Your Understanding Does circumcision make a man more or less likely to acquire HIV infection? 19-31.