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GENERAL ENGLISH (SEMESTER II) UNIT I: RESILIENCE POEM 1.1 Don't Quit – Edgar A. Guest 1.2 Still Here – Langston HugheS SHORT STORY 1.3 Engine Trouble – R.K. Narayan 1.4 Rip Van Winkle – Washington Irving UNIT II: DECISION MAKING SHORT STORY 2.1 The Scribe – Kristin Hunter 2.2 The Lady or the Tiger – Frank Stockton POEM 2.3 The Road not Taken – Robert Frost 2.4 Snake –D. H Lawrence UNIT III: PROBLEM SOLVING PROSE LIFE STORY 3.1 How I taught My Grandmother to Read – Sudha Murthy AUTOBIOGRAPHY 3.2 How frog Went to Heaven – A Tale of Angolo 3.3 Wings of Fire (Chapters 1,2,3) – A.P.J Abdul Kalam UNIT IV: TENSES 4.1 Present 4.2 Past 4.3 Future 4.4 Concord UNIT V: ENGLISH IN THE WORKPLACE 5.1 E-mail-Invitation, Enquiry, Seeking Clarification 5.2 Circular 5.3 Memo 5.4 Minutes of the Meeting RECOMMENDED TEXT 1. Martin Hewings. Advanced English Grammar. Cambridge University Press .2000. 2. SP Bakshi, Richa Sharma. Descriptive English. Arihant Publications (India) Ltd.. 2019. 3. Sheena Cameron, Louise Dempsey. The Reading Book: A Complete Guide to Teaching Reading. S & L. Publishing, 2019. 4. Barbara Sherman. Skimming and Scanning Techniques. Liberty University Press, 2014. 5. Phil Chambers. Brilliant Speed Reading: Whatever you need to read. however. Pearson. 2013. 6. Communication Skills: Practical Approach Ed. Shaikh Moula 9 9 Ramendra Kumar. Stories of Resilience. Blue Rose Publications, 2020..

UNIT I: POEM 1.1 DON’T QUIT – EDGAR ALBERT GUEST About the Author: Poet Edgar Albert Guest, who was born in Britain, became well-known in the United States during the first part of the 1900s. When Guest was ten years old in 1891, his family moved from Warwickshire, England to the United States. In 1895, Edgar Guest took a copyboy job at the Detroit Free Press to start his career. After receiving a promotion to exchange editor and police writer shortly after, he started penning verse for the Free Press under the pen name "Chaff" in 1904. These pieces developed into the wildly successful "Breakfast Table Chat" daily feature, which at its peak was syndicated in about 300 additional newspapers. Guest's poetry collection, A Heap O' Livin', was first published in 1916 and went on to sell over a million copies. Just Folks (1918), Rhythms of Childhood (1924), Life's Highway (1933), and Living the Years (1949) were the works that came after that one. Poem: “When things go wrong, as they sometimes will, When the road you’re trudging seems all uphill, When the funds are low and the debts are high, And you want to smile but you have to sigh, When care is pressing you down a bit – Rest if you must, but don’t you quit. Life is queer with its twists and turns, As everyone of us sometimes learns, And many a fellow turns about, When he might have won had he stuck it out; Don’t give up though the pace seems slow – You may succeed with another blow. Often the goal is nearer than, It seems to a faint and faltering man, Often the struggler has given up, When he might have captured the victor’s cup, And he learned too late when the night came down, How close he was to the golden crown..

Success is failure turned inside out – The silver tint of the clouds of doubt, And when you never can tell how close you are, It may be near when it seems so far; So stick to the fight when you’re hardest hit – It’s when things seem worst, you must not quit” Summary: The speaker of this poem acknowledges in the opening stanzas that life will occasionally seem "low." While trying to be happy, a person must also deal with uncontrollably bad situations. He advises, "rest if you must, but don't you quit" during these times. The speaker describes a number of ambiguous persons who have battled and given up without realising how near they were to achievement as the sentences go on. The poem encourages readers to persevere through the struggle even when "you're hardest hit," concluding on the same note as it started. The route of life is not always an easy one. Things seem to go wrong sometimes, but other times it's enjoyable. No matter how carefully you plan everything out, mishaps still happen. Sometimes money is tight and one finds themselves in debt, but one must keep going. Take a break and a short break, but don't give up. Life loses its meaning when someone gives up. The will to live wanes and there is nothing worth fighting for. Even though the issue appears to be enormous, they can win if they only battle a little bit longer. Even though your development may appear gradual, it is still progress, and progress is a sign of success. You will succeed if you give it another go. For someone who has been struggling for a while and is fatigued, the objective is frequently closer than it appears. It's unfortunate that the loser quits up so soon after taking the lead. Overcoming fears and self-doubt leads to success. Often, what you would have thought to be a bad decision ends up being the best one and helps you succeed. You have to keep going and never give up because you have no idea how close you are to winning. As with every storm, there will be a rainbow after the worst of times, and then the answer. Even when things get difficult, you must keep fighting because you will eventually achieve a sweet victory and all will have been worthwhile..

Analysis: Edgar’s poems are philosophical in nature. The poet's use of anaphora in the poem's opening verse adds meaning to the context of the poem. In this instance, the word "when" opens four of the opening stanza's five lines. These sentences introduce a sequence of situations where readers will need to endure the most trying times of their life. For instance, the poet states that it's necessary to rest "if you must, but don't you quit" in situations where "the funds are low, and the deaths are high" or when "the road you're trudging seems all uphill." The fifth line of the stanza reveals the poem's central idea. After reading all four stanzas of the poem, readers need to leave with renewed courage and will to see through any adversity they may encounter. The speaker highlights in the second stanza how difficult life may be. The course of events will not be as anticipated. The speaker talks about a "fellow" who gives up on suffering instead of enduring it. If this person had "stuck it out," he would have "won." The speaker encourages readers to keep going even when it seems difficult to solve the problem, they're facing by using this ambiguous example. The speaker employs endurance-based imagery in addition to statements of perseverance, drawing a comparison between jogging at a steady pace, or "pace," and exerting great effort to get through a difficult moment. The third stanza is the shortest of the three; it finishes with the speaker stating that frequently, the end is closer than it seems, especially when one is “faint and faltering” (a fantastic use of alliteration and imagery). The poet uses the same imagery from the previous two stanzas once more to remind readers of the significance of keeping up hard labour despite unfavourable circumstances. Similar to the "fellow" in the preceding stanza, the speaker in this instance alludes to a "struggler" who, had he persisted, would have won the "victors cup." The speaker sometimes refers to achievement in the fullest sense by using metaphors like "the golden crown." This could be achieving success financially, in a relationship, handling a challenging family situation, or resolving any other difficulty that comes up. The speaker claims that "success is failure turned inside out" in the final stanza. Here, the speaker is attempting to underline that success is always present, even in the face of difficulty or failure. To recognise that happiness and achievement are in close proximity, one must perceive the "silver tint of the clouds of doubt." One "must not quit" when things appear the hardest. The.

poem's concluding line uses the same few words from the previous stanza. This serves to unify the sense and serves to remind readers of the main idea that was presented at the poem's opening. American poet Edgar Guest employs straightforward language and diction throughout "Don't Quit" to provide readers motivational advice. He asks readers to keep going throughout the entire four stanzas, no matter how difficult life gets. It makes no difference what kind of circumstance someone is in. One must put in a lot of effort and resist the urge to give up. 1.2 STILL HERE – LANGSTON HUGHES About the Author: American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist Langston Hughes (1902–1967) is well remembered for being a key member of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, spent most of his childhood years in Lawrence, Kansas, and thereafter resided in a number of American and international places. His poetry gained notoriety for its musicality, rhythm, and use of colloquial language. It frequently glorified the lives of regular African Americans and brought attention to their hardships. Themes of identity, racial injustice, and the African American experience in the US were commonly covered in Hughes' writing. Hughes was a prolific writer of plays, nonfiction, and fiction in addition to poetry. He became a voice for the downtrodden and marginalised by using his position to promote equality and social justice. Hughes had a significant influence on American literature and society, and his writings are still praised for their aesthetic value and for adding to the country's ongoing discussions about social justice, race, and identity. Summary: Langston Hughes' poem "Still Here" explores the Black American people's fortitude and perseverance in the face of injustice and misfortune. Hughes embodies the spirit of tenacity and survival in the face of bigotry and injustice in this poetry. The speaker of the poem opens by recognising the challenges and tragedies that African Americans have faced throughout history, including being "slain" and "lynched." The speaker emphasises the community's tenacity and perseverance by saying that they are "still here" in spite of these injustices. Despite the challenges they have experienced, Hughes honours the contributions and ongoing presence of African Americans in American society. The poem is a monument to the African American community's fortitude, tenacity, and endurance in the face of injustice and misfortune..

"Still Here" is a striking declaration of African Americans' tenacity and fortitude, emphasising their capacity to endure and prosper in spite of the hardships they have faced throughout history. Analysis: Langston Hughes' moving poem "Still Here" captures the fortitude and tenacity of African Americans in the face of hardship. Here is a more thorough examination of the poem: Significance of the Title: The idea of perseverance and survival is instantly apparent from the title, "Still Here." It implies that African Americans persevere and continue to be an important part of society in spite of the difficulties they encounter. The poem opens with recognising the struggles African Americans have faced, such as being "slain" and "lynched." The tone for the poem's examination of the difficulties the community has experienced over time is established by this introduction. The expression "I been battered and scarred" highlights the psychological and physical costs of racism and persecution. The speaker adamantly insists, "But I'm still here," in spite of these wounds. The poem's recurring phrase "still here" functions as a potent declaration of resiliency and survival. Hughes honours African Americans' perseverance in the face of hardship. The speaker's uncompromising affirmation of the community's tenacity and refusal to be silenced or erased is conveyed with her declaration, "I'm still here." Hughes underscores the capacity of the African American community to withstand discrimination and endure in the face of adversity by showcasing their tenacity and fortitude. The poem is a monument to African Americans' tenacity and fortitude throughout history. One can interpret "Still Here" in light of the continuous fight for racial justice as well as the civil rights movement. In addition to recognising the ongoing effects of racism and oppression, Hughes' poem honours African Americans' tenacity and fortitude in the face of these difficulties. All things considered, "Still Here" is a strong and moving poem that honours the tenacity and fortitude of African Americans in the face of hardship. Hughes' poetry presents a picture of the African American community's unwavering spirit by examining survival and resiliency..

SHORT STORY 1.3 ENGINE TROUBLE – R. K. NARAYAN About the Author: Renowned Indian author R. K. Narayan, whose full name was Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami, is well-known for his contributions to Indian literature in English. Born on October 10, 1906, in Madras (now Chennai), India, Narayan lived most of his life in the town that inspired many of his stories—the imaginary Malgudi. Narayan's most well-known works are his witty and perceptive novels and short tales, which portray Indian daily life with warmth, wit, and astute observation. His writing frequently delves into the hopes, dreams, hardships, and subtleties of everyday Indian life. The Malgudi-set books of Narayan, including as "Swami and Friends" (1935), "The Bachelor of Arts" (1937), and "The Guide" (1958), are among his most well-known creations. These books' vibrant characters and intricate storytelling successfully convey the allure and intricacy of Indian culture. One of India's highest civilian honours, the Padma Bhushan, and the Sahitya Akademi Award were among the many accolades and honours Narayan amassed during his illustrious career. His work is still praised today for its enduring value, global themes, and profound understanding of human nature. On May 13, 2001, Narayan passed away. He left behind a rich literary legacy that still motivates readers today. Summary: R.K. Narayan's short story "Engine Trouble" centres on Mani, the main character, and his adventures with his broken-down car in the made-up town of Malgudi. Mani, a cab driver, has engine problems at the start of the story when he is travelling through Malgudi. He tries to fix the car, but it won't start, so he's stuck on the side of the road. Mani is unclear of how to handle the situation and feels annoyed and powerless. A variety of people stop by and share their thoughts and ideas about possible problems with the car while he waits for assistance. But since each person gives a different diagnosis and course of action, their advice just serves to compound Mani's bewilderment. Mani considers his life and the challenges he has as a cab driver in Malgudi when he is in this situation. He struggles with irritation and feelings of inadequacy, questioning whether he.

will ever be able to get over the obstacles in his path. After some time, a mechanic shows up and fixes the vehicle, letting Mani resume his journey. Mani is relieved and appreciative as he drives away, appreciative of the help he received, despite the brief setback. The narrative "Engine Trouble" delves on themes of tenacity, fortitude, and life's unpredictable nature. Narayan emphasises the significance of asking for support and assistance from others in trying situations, as well as the difficulties and uncertainties that people encounter, through the character of Mani and his adventures with his broken-down car. Analysis: Through the prism of a straightforward incident—a broken-down car—"Engine Trouble", R.K. Narayan presents a subtle portrait of human perseverance and the unpredictable nature of life. Narayan is renowned for his ability to authentically and simply represent the subtleties of daily life. "Engine Trouble" centres on the ordinary experience of a cab driver experiencing car difficulty and is set in the made-up town of Malgudi, which frequently appears as a backdrop in Narayan's writings. The story has a sense of universality and relatability because of its concentration on the commonplace. "Engine Trouble" primarily examines themes of adversity and tenacity. When his automobile breaks down, Mani, the main character, is dealt a surprise blow. Mani feels irritated and powerless, yet he doesn't give up. His will to restore the vehicle and carry on with his voyage is a testament to the human spirit's fortitude in the face of difficulty. Mani meets a variety of people during the narrative, all of whom give advice and ideas on how to mend the vehicle. Even though their counsel may be contradictory and occasionally ineffective, their readiness to assist highlights Malgudi's strong feeling of camaraderie and solidarity. This part of the story emphasises how crucial teamwork and human connection are to overcome obstacles. Mani muses on his experiences as a taxi driver and his financial hardships while he waits for assistance. His reflections on life's uncertainties and his own feelings of inadequacy give his character nuance and shed light on the story's larger themes. Narayan encourages readers to reflect on the difficulties of human existence and the certainty of encountering setbacks along the way through Mani's introspection..

"Engine Trouble" concludes on a happy and appreciative note. Mani fixes the automobile and gets back on his way with the assistance of a mechanic. Mani is grateful for the help he received and feels relieved despite the trouble he had. This conclusion emphasises the idea that even though life might be unpredictable and full of obstacles, it is always possible to overcome these obstacles and move on. All things considered, "Engine Trouble" is a moving examination of resiliency in people, community, and the unpredictable nature of life. Narayan gives readers a look into the common experiences of struggle and resilience that characterise the human condition through its straightforward yet profound narrative. 1.4 RIP VAN WINKLE – WASHINGTON IRVING About the Author: American writer, essayist, biographer, and historian Washington Irving (1783–1859) is most recognised for his contributions to early American literature. Irving, who was born in New York City on April 3, 1783, is regarded as one of the first writers from the United States to win recognition abroad. Irving is well known for his short stories, especially "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," which are both included in "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent," his collection. These tales are well known for their colourful characters, wacky storieslines, and intricately rendered settings. Irving wrote a lot of essays and biographies in addition to fiction. He wrote a great deal on many different topics, such as travel, culture, and history. "A History of New York," a satirical chronicle of the city's early years penned under the pen name Diedrich Knicker bocker, is one of his most well-known compositions. Summary: Washington Irving wrote the short story "Rip Van Winkle," which was first included in his collection "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent" in 1819. It is among Irving's most well-known pieces and a modern American literary classic. The narrative centres on the life of Rip Van Winkle, a kind but lethargic man who lived in a small community in New York's Catskill Mountains in the late 1700s. To the dismay of his spouse, Dame Van Winkle, Rip is well-known for his dislike of labour and for spending his days aimlessly hunting, fishing, and hanging out with pals. One day, as Rip and his dog walk into the mountains to get away from his.

wife's pestering, they come across a group of enigmatic creatures playing nine-pins. He drinks some of their alcohol and joins them in their merriment before passing out. After twenty years, Rip awakens to find that his surroundings had undergone significant change. His children have grown up, his wife has passed away, and the American Revolution has occurred. Even though Rip has aged physically, he is nevertheless oblivious to the passing of time because of his extended sleep. When Rip returns to his town at the end of the novel, he discovers that he is now the subject of rumours and curiosity. Even though a lot has changed while he has been gone, Rip is finally relieved to be free of the obligations and stresses of contemporary life. Celebrated for exploring themes like time passing, change being inevitable, and the need to escape from social pressures, "Rip Van Winkle" is known for its lighthearted and whimsical tone. It is still regarded as one of Irving's most enduring and well-loved pieces, and the protagonist has come to represent the independent and individualistic spirit of America. Analysis: Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" has many intricate webs of themes, symbolism, and social satire. The persona of Rip Van Winkle personifies the need to get away from the obligations and stresses of everyday life. He avoids the responsibilities placed on him by his wife and society, finding comfort in the outdoors and in the company of like-minded others. After meeting the enigmatic figures in the mountains, Rip is able to momentarily put his problems behind him and experience a sense of freedom and companionship. The protagonist's twenty-year sleep, which is the main plot device of the story, is a metaphor for time passing and change being inevitable. Rip's unconsciousness to the world around him when he sleeps serves as further evidence that life goes on regardless of one's perspective or level of awareness. When Rip awakens, he finds that significant changes have taken place in his absence, underscoring the fleeting nature of both social systems and human existence. Subtle commentary on the American Revolution and its aftermath can be found in "Rip Van Winkle." A post-revolutionary America that Rip awakens to represents the country's journey from colonial reliance to freedom and self-governance. Since Rip disagrees with the revolution's.

and society's modernization's developments, the novel also explores the conflicts between tradition and advancement. The Catskill Mountains represent a place of escape and metamorphosis, and it is here that Rip meets the enigmatic characters. The people Rip meets, like the spirits of Henry Hudson's crew, are reminders of both time and America's colonial past. Wolf, Rip's dog, is a devoted companion on all of his journeys and a symbol of friendship and loyalty. Many people view Rip Van Winkle as a representation of American individuality and the spirit of the pioneer. His love of individual freedom and his refusal to live up to social norms are reflections of deeply ingrained American principles. Rip embodies the spirit of the American frontier, staying true to himself and his quest for independence in spite of the changes he experiences upon returning. All things considered, "Rip Van Winkle" is a timeless story that tackles issues of individualism, societal development, time passing, and escape. The story, a classic of American literature, continues to ring true with readers because of its captivating storyline and deep symbolism. Irving is known for his nostalgic, charming, and humorous writing. He is recognised for having contributed to the development of a distinctive American literary voice. His works frequently address themes of American identity, folklore, and the paranormal. Irving received critical praise and great appeal over his career, both domestically and internationally. His impact on American literature is still felt today, as he was among the first writers in the country to make a career exclusively from their work. On November 28, 1859, Irving passed suddenly. He left behind a rich literary legacy that is still praised today for its wit, inventiveness, and timeless appeal..