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COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW. 4,.

[Audio] The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer and acts as the central hub that connects all the components of the system. It holds and allows communication between key parts such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (memory), storage devices, and peripheral devices like the keyboard and mouse. The motherboard also contains slots for expansion cards, ports for USB and audio, and connectors for power and data. It ensures that data is properly transferred between components and that the system runs smoothly. Without the motherboard, a computer's parts would not be able to communicate or function together..

[Audio] The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer because it performs all the processing tasks. It interprets and executes instructions from computer programs, handling everything from simple calculations to complex operations. The CPU consists of three main parts: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs mathematical and logical operations; the Control Unit, which directs the flow of data and instructions; and registers, which store temporary data for quick access. A fast and efficient CPU is essential for the overall performance of a computer, as it directly affects how quickly programs run and how smoothly the system operates..

[Audio] Random Access Memory (RAM) is a crucial component of a computer system that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. Unlike a hard drive, which stores data permanently, RAM is a type of volatile memory, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is turned off. RAM allows the system to access data quickly, making it possible to run multiple programs smoothly at the same time. The more RAM a computer has, the better it can handle complex tasks and multitasking. In summary, RAM plays a key role in determining the speed and performance of a computer by providing fast, temporary storage for active processes..

[Audio] A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the processing of images and visual data. Originally developed to handle the rendering of graphics in video games, GPUs have evolved to perform a wide range of complex tasks beyond graphics, such as video editing, 3D modeling, and even scientific computations. Unlike a CPU, which is optimized for general-purpose tasks, a GPU can handle thousands of operations simultaneously, making it ideal for tasks that involve large-scale data processing and parallel computing. Modern GPUs are essential in fields like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cryptocurrency mining due to their high-speed performance and efficiency in handling repetitive computations. In a computer system, the GPU works alongside the CPU to enhance visual output and improve the overall performance of applications that require heavy graphical or computational power..

[Audio] A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a data storage device used in computers to store and retrieve digital information. It is a non-volatile storage device, meaning it retains data even when the power is turned off. The hard drive consists of spinning magnetic disks called platters, which store data in the form of tiny magnetic fields. A read/write head moves across the surface of these platters to access or record data. HDDs are commonly used to store operating systems, software applications, documents, videos, photos, and other files. Although newer technologies like Solid State Drives (SSDs) offer faster performance, HDDs remain popular due to their large storage capacity and lower cost. They are an essential component of most computer systems, providing long-term storage for critical data..

[Audio] A Solid State Drive (SSD) is a type of storage device used in computers to store data permanently. Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which use spinning disks and mechanical arms to read and write data, SSDs use flash memory with no moving parts. This makes SSDs much faster, quieter, and more durable. They allow for quick boot times, faster file transfers, and better overall system performance. Because of their speed and reliability, SSDs are commonly used in modern laptops, desktops, and even servers. Although they are usually more expensive per gigabyte than HDDs, the performance benefits of SSDs often make them a worthwhile upgrade for most users..

SYSTEM BUSES. System buses are communication pathways connecting computer components like CPU, memory, and input/output devices, facilitating efficient data and signal exchange. They consist of data, address, and control buses, ensuring coordination and functioning of the computer's architecture..

WHAT IS A COMPUTER BUS. The computer system hardware components consist of both electronic components and as well as some mechanical components. All these hardware Components are connected to the system with a network of wires that runs across the computer system..

INSTRUCTION CYCLE. The program instructions are stored into the main memory RAM. The computer memory is organized into number of cells. Each cell (location) has a specific memory address. The processor initiates the program execution by fetching the machine instructions one by one from the main memory RAM. The CPU executes these instructions by repetitively performing sequence of four steps called instruction cycle. Each part of the instruction cycle requires number of machine cycles to complete that part..

SHORT QUIZ TIME!. Essay Explain the main components of a computer system and how they work together. (300 words).