Name: Title Lorem Ipsum
Uploaded: 2021-10-23
Duration: 6 min 24 s
Description: A close-up of a statue Description automatically generated with medium confidence.

A close-up of a statue Description automatically generated with medium confidence. 

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A close-up of a statue

Description automatically generated with medium confidence

BY SAMUEL MADSON HISTORY AT3 SEM 2 29 OCT 2021

MUMMIFICATION : Purpose and religious beliefs. The purpose of Mummification was to preserve the body so that the spirit would not be lost. Using beeswax, resin, incense and oils the body would be preserved in the most life like manner. The embalmer would skillfully attend to the corpse, using sculptor tools to remove the organs and prepare it for the journey into the afterworld. Immortality and the mystics of the afterlife dominated the religious beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians. Embalming and mummification was the prelude to the “Opening of the Mouth” ceremony. This involved purification, anointing and physical touching of the mummy to restore their senses of touch, taste, sight, hearing and taste. The journey into the afterlife was deemed dangerous. Travelling on a “solar bark”, the deceased faced serpents with knives, fire-spitting dragons and multi-headed reptiles before arriving at the “ Duat ” or the Land of the Gods. They must pass the seven gates successfully to then be met with judgement at the “Hall of Orisis ”.. 

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MUMMIFICATION : Purpose and religious beliefs

The  purpose  of Mummification was to preserve the body so that the spirit would not be lost. Using beeswax, resin, incense and oils the body would be preserved in the most life like manner.  The embalmer would skillfully attend to the corpse, using sculptor tools to remove the organs and prepare it for the journey into the afterworld. Immortality and the mystics of the afterlife dominated the  religious  beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians. Embalming and mummification was the prelude to the “Opening of the Mouth” ceremony. This involved purification, anointing and physical touching of the mummy to restore their senses of touch, taste, sight, hearing and taste.  The journey into the afterlife was deemed dangerous. Travelling on a “solar bark”, the deceased faced serpents with knives, fire-spitting dragons and multi-headed reptiles before arriving at the “ Duat ” or the Land of the Gods. They must pass the seven gates successfully to then be met with judgement at the “Hall of  Orisis ”.

Welcome to the world of mummification! I am King Rameses. The art of mummification originated in Egypt in 2400 BC. The purpose of mummification was to preserve the body in almost pristine condition. Using beeswax, resin, spices and oils. The embalmer would skillfully attend to the body and extract all the organs to prepare it for the Afterlife. My people believed in immortality and life after death. The process of embalming and mummification was meticulous and timely. A sacred ritual leading up to the opening of the mouth ceremony. This rite readied the body for the journey, restoring the human senses and warded off the dangers involved with the trip. It was believed that the body travelled on a solar bark which was symbolised by a sun riding in a boat. The spirit would fight off serpents, dragons and solve many spells before being met at the judgement point known as the Hall of Orisis.

The steps of mummification. . 1. PURYFICATION 2. BRAIN REMOVAL 3. EVISCERATION 4. DRYING. 

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1. PURYFICATION 2. BRAIN REMOVAL 3. EVISCERATION 4. DRYING

1.  Purifying the body  -  draining of bodily fluids and meticulous cleaning of the corpse with water and palm wine. Herbal oils, spices and essences were smoothed over the deceased before all body hair removed.  2.  Brain removal  – extracted by inserting a spoon-rod into the nostril and piercing the ethmoid bone. With a spatula all remnants of the brain was scraped out. The cranial box was preserved and reshaped.   3.  Evisceration  -  is the process of organ removal. A small incision was made to the left of the body to extract the liver, lungs and intestines and carefully washed with palm wine and herbs before being stored in canopic jars. The heart remains in the body as it was believed to be the center of intelligence, 4.  Drying  - The internal body is washed with palm wine, and lined with pure myrrh, cinnamon and perfume before being sewed shut. The entire body is covered in natron salt for 40 days and left to dry.

Greetings, I am Queen Cleopatra. 
There are several ceremonious steps involved in mummification. Firstly, all bodily fluids were drained from the deceased and the body was then purified by water from the Nile and palm wine. The embalmer carefully applied oils, spices and perfumes on the skin before meticulously discarding all body hair. The brain was then skillfully extracted and the cranial box was rinsed with palm wine and filled with linen and liquid resin. Thirdly, was the removal of the organs. The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines were washed with wine and crushed herbs and stored into canopic jars. Imsety the human head, protected the liver. Qebehsenuf the falcon, carried the intestines. Hapy the baboon, guarded the lungs. And Duamatef the jackal held the stomach. The heart remained intact as it was required for the afterlife. The internal body was bathed with pure myrrh and cinnamon before being immersed into natron salt for forty days and left it dry.

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Salutations. I am King Tutankhamun. Here are some artefacts of what my people used to embalm and mummify me. The crushed herbs, oils and perfume salts used for preservation, the tools used to remove organs and the canopic jars that stored them are all evidence of this ancient sacred ritual.

The steps of mummification CONTINUED…. . 5. FILLING THE BODY 6. WRAPPING 7. ADDING AMULETS 8. PRAYERS. 

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5. FILLING THE BODY 6.  WRAPPING 7. ADDING AMULETS 8.  PRAYERS

5.  Filling the body  - Once dried, the body was washed, oiled and stuffed with sawdust and linen. The body was then painted with henna to brightened the skin. 6.  Wrapping  - the body with linen strips commenced from the head and neck, followed by fingers and toes. The arms and legs were wrapped separately before being tied together with liquid resin.  7.  Adding Amulets  - between the layers of wrapping, jewels and amulets were placed to protect the body during the journey into the afterlife and rebirth.  8.  Prayers and blessing -  from a priest would be read out during the wrapping process to ward off evil spirits. Often the priest would wear a mask of Anubis (the god of death). This prepared them for the “Opening of the Mouth” ceremony. The mouth was touched with adze to allow the breath of life to infuse the body.

I am queen Hatshepsut. After the forty days, the body was filled with sawdust and linen to restore its shape, and the skin was painted with henna. The most iconic part of the process was wrapping the body with linen cloth.  When the arms are crossed over the chest, it symbolised a King. Whilst queens had one arm to the chest and one to their side. Between each layer of bandage, beautiful jewels and amulets of mythological gods adorned the body. These trinkets were to protect us when entering the afterlife. Lastly, prayers and blessings would be chanted throughout the process. Often wearing a mask of Anubis, the priest would touch the mouth of the mummy with adze to give the body the final breath of life.

MUMMIFICATION EVIDENCE & ARTEFACTS.... I am Pharoah Tuthmose. Here are some images of the body being prepared with natron salt before wrapping. Can you see the ornate amulets placed on my chest? My people also painted beautiful wall paintings documenting all the prayers and ceremony involved on the walls of my tomb.. 

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I am Pharoah Tuthmose. Here are some images of the body being prepared with natron salt before wrapping. Can you see the ornate amulets placed on my chest? My people also painted beautiful wall paintings documenting all  the prayers and ceremony involved on the walls of my tomb.

HERODOTUS ON mummification, but was he correct?.... 

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HERODOTUS ON mummification, but was he correct?...

Herodotus provided the best-known passage on Ancient Egyptian mummification and embalming techniques. However, some of his details have been recently challenged. Herodotus, intricately described the process :    "As much of the brain as it is possible is extracted through the nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is dissolved with drugs. Next, the flank is slit open . . . and the entire contents of the abdomen removed. The cavity is then thoroughly cleansed and washed out . . . Then it is filled with pure crushed myrrh, cassia, and all other aromatic substances, except frankincense. [The incision] is sewn up, and then the body is placed in natron, covered entirely for 70 days, never longer. When this period . . . is ended, the body is washed and then wrapped from the head to the feet in linen which has been cut into strips and smeared on the underside with gum which is commonly used by the Egyptians in the place of glue.“ Scientists and historians have since questioned some of Herodotus’ details after comparing actual CT scans of surviving mummies. The areas of discrepancies include what organs were removed, which were replaced, who was mummified and how. It has also been suggested that Herodotus was more interested in the embalming method (preventing decomposition) rather than mummification (preserving a corpse into a mummy).

Yah su. I am Herodotus, the famous Greek historian. I have written many things but I am most famous for detailing embalming techniques. What did I say you ask? I described the entire embalming process of the Ancient Egyptians. However, I have been criticised lately by scientists for being inaccurate. With modern technology, historians and scientists continue to test my theories.

Objects that adorned the tombs.... A fully furnished tomb accompanied the body or sarcophagus, with everything they required for the afterlife. An array of treasures have since been uncovered by historians and archeologists. The canopic jars preserving their organs were placed next to the body. Wall paintings decorated the tomb. Clothing, makeup, perfume and jewelry were also included to maintain their appearance in the afterlife. Chariots and boat for travelling, Food and wine for consumption. Oils and ointments. Weapons for battle. Games. Pets and even servants to accompany the body and serve in the afterworld.. 

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A fully furnished tomb accompanied the body or sarcophagus, with everything they required for the afterlife. An array of treasures have since been uncovered by historians and archeologists.  The canopic jars preserving their organs were placed next to the body.  Wall paintings decorated the tomb.  Clothing, makeup, perfume and jewelry were also included to maintain their appearance in the afterlife.  Chariots and boat for travelling,  Food and wine for consumption.  Oils and ointments.  Weapons for battle. Games. Pets and even servants to accompany the body and serve in the afterworld.

Greetings. I am Queen Nefertiti. There are so many wonderful things that adorn the tombs of past Pharoah's and queens. In my tomb, historians have found canopic jars, perfume and makeup to use in the afterlife, jugs of delicious wine to drink and even my pet cats. Other items that were found are jewels, golden goblets, games made from wood and even weapons.

TREASURES OF THE TOMBS.... Salutations. I am Pharoah Amenhotep. Here are some pictures that show what actual tombs look like. The entrance is adorned with beautifully painted walls, showcasing the artistry of my people. It tells the story of the king or queen and tales of the afterlife. You will also see foot wear of my time, clothing and even a chariot for us to travel on in the afterlife. Many treasures and secrets are buried with us to equip us in our spiritual journey and beyond.. 

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Salutations. I am Pharoah Amenhotep. Here are some pictures that show what actual tombs look like. The entrance is adorned with beautifully painted walls, showcasing the artistry of my people. It tells the story of the king or queen and tales of the afterlife. You will also see foot wear of my time, clothing and even a chariot for us to travel on in the afterlife. Many treasures and secrets are buried with us to equip us in our spiritual journey and beyond.

Queen Akhensenpepi. THANK YOU & MAY WE MEET IN THE AFTERLIFE…. 

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I hope you enjoyed this interactive powerpoint on Ancient Egyptian Mummification. Thank you and may we meet in the afterlife.

THANK YOU & MAY WE MEET IN THE AFTERLIFE…