Body Planes & Positions

34.1. Body Planes & Positions. Anatomy & Physiology – Honors Turner College & Career High School  2015.

Learning Objectives. Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and directional terms. Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference the body. Distinguish between the commonly used anatomical planes and recognize their individual views. Apply directional terms to their location on the human body. Objective 2: Demonstrate body movements. Compare and contrast the various movements of the body and their counter-movements. Compare and contrast the various movements of the foot /ankle and their counter-movements. Compare and contrast the lateral movements of the wrist/hand and their counter-movements..

Anatomical Position. Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described.

Medial Lateral Dorsal Cranial Proximal Sagittal Plane c 0 dial plane Caudal Lateral Ventral.

Anatomical Planes. Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views.

Anatomical Planes. Sagittal plane The plane dividing the body into right and left portions Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

Anatomical Planes. Frontal/Coronal plane The plane dividing the body into front and back portions.

Anatomical Planes. Transverse plane The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions Also called the Horizontal plane..

Positions and Directions. Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes.

Positions and Directions. Anterior Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body.

Positions and Directions. Superior Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body.

Positions and Directions. Medial Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body.

Positions and Directions (Reference to the extremities only ).

Distal / Proximal. When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots ..

Positions and Directions. Cranial/Cephalic: towards the head Caudal: towards the tail.

Positions and Directions. Superficial Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure.

Dorsal cavity Spinal cavity Pelvic cavity Cranial cavity BOdY Cavities Thoracic cavity Ventral cavity Abdominal cavit Abdominopelvic cavity.

Positions and Directions. Prone Lying face down Supine Lying face up Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body.

TABLE 1.1 Term Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal) Anterior Posterior Medial Orientation and Directional Terms [Minition Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; be- Toward or at the front Of the body; in front Of Toward or at the back of the body; behind Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Example The head is superior to the abdomen The navel is inferior to the chin The breastbone is anterior to the spine The heart is posterior to the breastbone The heart is medial to the arm •M/hereas the terms ventraJ and anterior are synonymous in humans, this is not the caæ in four-legged animals. Ventra/ refers to the "belly* Of a vertebrate animal and thus is the inferior surface of four-legged animals. Likewise, although the dorsal and postenor surfaces are the.

TABLE 1.1 Term Lateral Intermediate Proximal Distal Superficial (exter- nal) Deep (internal) Orientation and Directional Terms Definition Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side Of Between a more medial and a more lateral structure Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Farther from the origin of a body part or the point Of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Toward or at the body surface Away from the body surface: more internal Example The arms are lateral to the chest The collarbone is intermediate between the beastbone and shoulder The elbow is proximal to the wrist The knee is distal to the thigh The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles The lungs are deep to the skin.

Body Movements. Forward Plantar tuion flam AMIEåon A"ction Ext errul rotation Internal Ftexjon.

Body Movements. Flexion Extension Hyperextension Adduction Abduction Pronation Supination Retraction Protraction Elevation Depression Rotation Circumduction External Rotation Internal Rotation Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Opposition.

Movements. Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Hyperextension Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position..

Movements. Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

Movements. Pronation Turning the arm or foot downward; (palm or sole of the foot - down) Supination Turning the arm or foot upward; (palm or sole of the foot - up).

Movements. Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction Moving a part forward Elevation Raising a part Depression Lowering a part.

Movements. Rotation Turning on a single axis Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline.

Movements. Lateral Flexion Side-bending left or right.

Movements of the Foot. Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion Ankle movement pointing the foot downward.

Movements of the Wrist & Thumb. Radial Deviation Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side. Opposition Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand..

Regional Terms: Anterior View. Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology.

Regional Terms: Posterior View. Cephalic (head) Upper extremity Manus (hand) Lower extremity (b) Posterior Otic (ear) Occipital (back of head or base of Skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Brachial (arm) Dorsum or dorsal (back) (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttock) perineal (region the anus and external genitalia) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knæ) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole).