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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals Republic of the Philippines CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE Calabanga | Pasacao | Pili | Sipocot.

What is Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals.  (from Ancient Greek ἀνατομή (anatomḗ) 'dissection')  divided into macroscopic (Gross Anatomy) and microscopic parts (Histology)  Ex. an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of the liver  Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts; as a subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system.  from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis) 'nature, origin', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of')  Ex. a physiologist is interested in the production of bile, the role of the liver in nutrition and the regulation of bodily functions.

The Cell  Each cell will normally have the following organelles:  Nucleus (plural nuclei) contains the chromosomes.  Cell membrane containing transporters for ions and nutrients, together with receptors for hormones. The phospholipid bilayer allows different ionic environments inside and outside the cell, and an electric potential difference across the cell membrane.  Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) containing electron transfer proteins that lead to the generation of adenosine 5_x0005_-triphosphate (ATP) (i.e., the energy source for the body)  Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum are where protein synthesis occurs or translation from the messenger RNA.  Golgi apparatus is where proteins for export from the cell are packaged into secretory granules.  Lysosomes are where degradation of waste proteins occurs.  The cytoplasm contains soluble elements within the cell..

A. Interphase D. Anaphase B. Prophase E. Early telophase C. Metaphase . Late telophase.

The Cell Mitosis is cell division where the daughter cells have the full complement of chromosomes (are diploid). Meiosis or reduction division is cell division where the daughter cells have half the complement of chromosomes, that is, only one of each pair and are, therefore, haploid. During meiosis there is crossing over or recombination within a pair of chromosomes..

Major Organ System  Gastrointestinal tract (gut)  Cardiovascular system  Respiratory organ  Muscle  Skeleton, adipose tissue  Nervous system and brain  Endocrine organs..

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

GI Tract (Digestion and Absorption)  The overall size of the gut and its organs varies with the animal’s diet: herbivorous (large gut) or carnivorous (small gut), with omnivores between the other categories.  A carnivore is an animal that eats meat. They are typified by very short gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, particularly short hindgut, because meat can be rapidly digested.  An omnivore is an animal that eats meat and plants. They are typified by medium-length GI tracts. Mixed diets require time for digestion and absorption of the nutrients. They have a hindgut of moderate length to allow some microbial fermentation of ingesta.  An herbivore is an animal that only eats plants. They are typified by long GI tracts. Plants require considerable time for digestion and absorption of the nutrients..

GI Tract (Digestion and Absorption)  A ruminant is a species of animals with a rumen, which is a four-chambered organ derived from the stomach.  Feed: what is eaten by farm animals  Food as that consumed by people and companion animals,  Ingesta as what is eaten once it is in the GI track  Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi- degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant..

GI Tract (Digestion and Absorption) The functions of the gut are as follows: 1. Digest the food, first by mechanical grinding of food, and then breaking down complex chemical compounds to simple chemicals by enzymes 2. Absorb nutrients, including water 3. Protect against pathogenic organisms 4. Ferment the feed to provide nutrients 5. To move ingesta through the GI tract Fermentation is the breaking down or digestion of food in the absence of oxygen, mostly by microbes.

Pieces of food Mechanical digestion Food INGESTION Taking food into body Small molecules Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis) Nutrient molecules enter cells Undigested material ASSIMILATION ELIMINATION DIGESTION Breaking down food ABSORPTION Moving food into cells Making food part of cell Removing unused food.

FUNCTIONS OF GI TRACT - it includes digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and water, immunologic protection against pathogenic organisms, fermentation of the feed to provide nutrients, and movement of ingesta through the gut - Digestion- is the chemical breakdown of complex molecules in the food to simple compounds that are absorbed easily..

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I. Alimentary Tract (alimentary canal)  Coiled tube that extends from the lips (mouth to the anus)  Principal parts: a. Mouth b. Pharynx c. Esophagus d. Stomach e. Small intestine f. Large intestine  Relatively short and simple in carnivores  Much longer and more complex in herbivores.

intestine Body length: 90 cm Stomach Cecum Small intestine Cobn and rectum o 10 cm Stomach Colon or large mestine Rectum 20 cm.

Esophagus (140 cm or SS '-Ü.es long) Stomach (10% gut) intestne Cecum intestile Colm (40% of *It) 20 cm o Rumen Ceourn 20 cm.

Jejunum (nall iretæ) Meckel's diverticulum Provenriaåus Ileum (gnaN intestiE) "luzuiar gizzard and rectum Esophagus IsttTRE o Duo&nurn 2 3 Small ntestne Cecurn Cohn 10 cm REtum Bursa ot Fabricus.

The Structure of the GI Tract 1. The mouth (with teeth except in birds). Here, food is chewed, and saliva from the salivary glands is added. The latter lubricates the ingesta by addition of water and mucus, and the presence of the enzyme amylase starts digestion of starch.

•Goat: having pointed lips have mouth adaptable for selective grazing or browsing (select only the fodders it wants). Leaves a “spottily graze” pastures. Incisors and tongue are the main prehensile organs. •Pig: digs the feeds with its snout and takes in the feed by suction. Pointed lower lip, teeth and tongue are the prehensile organs. •Chicken: pecks its feed with its pair of beaks (main prehensile organ).

Mastication  mechanical grinding of the feed in the mouth done within aid of the teeth  thorough in the horse and swine. Feed is reduced to fine particles and moistened with saliva to facilitate swallowing..

Deglutition  Act of swallowing  Accomplished by the tongue carrying the feed to the rear of the mouth after mastication and mixing it with saliva  Feed passes swiftly though the pharynx into the esophagus through which it passes to the stomach by peristalsis.

Area of contraction PERISTALSIS Oesophagus Food bolus Muscular layer Area of relaxation.

2. Pharynx – common passageway for air and feed.

Soft palate Upper esophageal sphincter Hard palate Food Epiglottis (a) Food Pharynx Esophagus Trachea Food Tongue Glottis (b) in esophagus.

Sagitta/ section of head o/Horse iddle nasal chonchae Dorsal nasal chonchae Ventral nasol chanc±tar Oropharynx Nasopharynx Rt. Guttural pouch opening pharyngeal openings of the auditory tubes Laryngopharynx.

3. The esophagus links the mouth with the stomach and, therefore, carries ingesta to the stomach. - There is an outgrowth of the esophagus in many birds called the crop. It is relatively small (<10% of the gut), with lactic acid being a major product of fermentation of the ingesta stored there.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Megaesophagus is not a single disease. It is considered a combination disorder in which the esophagus dilates (gets larger) and loses motility.

Trachea Right cronid vena cava Sternotrochod muscle Syrinx Left brochiocephdic trunk Heart Fig. 21.20 Anatomical relaöonships of the trachea and syrm in a chicken (source: courtesy of Dr. Annette Kais«. Wnich; in: König HE. Korbel R, Liebich H.G. Anatomie der Vögd. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart Schattauer. 2009)..

Crop (ingluvies) • The crop primarily serves to provide temporary storage of ingesta. • In pigeons, the crop produces “crop milk” which is used to nourish the young • Crop milk- contains both fats and protein, except it has no carbohydrates.

Esophagus Beak/ Mouth Crop Proventriculus Gizzard/ Ventriculus Duodenal loop/ Duodenum Pancreas Small intestine Spleen Gall bladder Ceca Large intestine Cloaca Liver.

4. The stomach is the site of the muscular mixing (and grinding in some species) of the ingesta. - There is the addition of gastric secretions (or juices) containing hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen..

STOMACH- receives the unsalivated food bolus from esophagus and temporarily stores them Classification of stomach based on its shape and size • Simple stomach- dog and cat • Simple composite- horse and pig • Complex composite- chicken and ruminants Classification of stomach based on epithelial lining • Glandular- lined by glandular mucosa with a simple columnar epithelium • Non-glandular- covered by simple squamous epithelium.

• SIMPLE STOMACH- it is located just behind the left side of the diaphragm. It is divided into cardia (entrance), fundus (body), and pylorus (termination). It produces hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen • COMPOUND STOMACH- multi-chambered stomach usually found in ruminants; which facilitates digestion of plant-based food..

Cordix pfion Greater curvature Nondanck/ar part of the Rejon of proper (Fundic) pshic Stomach of a portion Pybric cand lesse pyLric portion Pybric canal Lesser notch Pybric antrum pyloric portion Regim Of *ric Region of proper (Fundic) gastric dands Greater curvature Stomach of a cat (caudal asp«t). Regia•j of wands r • mucosa Region of proper gastric dands Fig. 8.55 Stomach of a cat (interior)..

Ruminant Stomach (complex stomach).

Junsmu,'Ä ums•n unu.

• COMPOUND STOMACH- multi-chambered stomach usually found in ruminants; which facilitates digestion of plant-based food. RUMEN (Paunch)- largest part of the compound stomach. It serves as the fermentation vat, organ of maceration, site of bacterial digestion and organ of absorption  Large muscular compartment which fills the left side of the body cavity  No enzyme secreted  Covered by projection called papillae.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE RUMINAL TYMPANY • is an overdistention of the rumenoreticulum with the gases of fermentation, either in the form of a persistent foam mixed with the ruminal contents, called primary or frothy bloat, or in the form of free gas separated from the ingesta, called secondary or free-gas bloat. • In primary ruminal tympany, or frothy bloat, the cause is entrapment of normal gases of fermentation in a stable foam. Coalescence of the small gas bubbles is inhibited, and intraruminal pressure increases because eructation cannot occur • In secondary ruminal tympany, or free-gas bloat, physical obstruction of eructation is caused by esophageal obstruction due to a foreign stenosis, or pressure from enlargement outside the esophagus.

• COMPOUND STOMACH- multi-chambered stomach usually found in ruminants; which facilitates digestion of plant-based food. RETICULUM (honeycomb)- most cranial and smallest section of the compound stomach; it receives heavy matter in food and acts as a liquid reservoir to soften these materials • Lies against the diaphragm and liver • Communicates freely with the rumen through the rumino-reticular fold and with the omasum through the reticulo-omasal orifice • Mucus membrane is non-glandular and have fold that resembles a honey comb.

Ruminal island Right accessory groove Dorsa coronary groove Caudodorsal blind sac Right longitudinal groove Caudal groove Caudoventral blind sac Ventral coronary groove Ventral sac Ventral curvature Dorsal curvature Dorsal sac Ruminoreticular groove us Reticdum Omasum Lesser curvature Abomasum Greater curvature Fig. 8.66 Compartments of the stomach of the ox (schematic. right lateral aspect); fig. based on data from Schaller, 1992..

Rurninoreticular groove Oesophagus Ru•rninal atriurn Greater Dorsa curvature Ventra cur-vature Fig- 8.65 Cornpartrnents Of the stornach Of the ox (schematic. left lateral aspect); fig. Rurninal island Right coronary groove blind soc Right longitudinal groove Caudal groove Ventral coronary Ventral Ventral curvature Dorsal soc accessory groove Coronary blind Caudoventra sac Ventra coronary groove Ventral on data frorn Schaller. 1992. Dorsal curvature groove Lesser curvature Greater Fig. 8-66 Cornpartrr•ents of the stornach of the ox (schernatic. right lateral aspect); fig- based on data frorr• Schaller. 1992-.

oesophag reticulu reticular groove (reticular sulcus) cranial sac dorsal sac right acessory pillar right longitudinal pillar dorsal coronary pillar caudo-dor lind sac audar reticulo-omasal orifice ruminoreticular fold caudo-ventral blind sac ventral sac ventral coronary pillar cranial pillar.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: HARDWARE DISEASE Traumatic reticuloperitonitis • is localized inflammation in the wall of the reticulum, usually due to perforation by a sharp object (eg, nail or wire) ingested by the animal. • The most common clinical findings include decreased feed intake, decreased rumen motility, mild fever, poorly digested feces, and signs of pain.

• COMPOUND STOMACH- multi-chambered stomach usually found in ruminants; which facilitates digestion of plant-based food. OMASUM (many plies)- is a spherical organ filled with muscular laminae. Laminae is studded with short, blunt papillae that grinds roughage before it enters the abomasum. • Communicates with the abomasum through the omaso-abomasal orifice • Not well-developed in small ruminants.

• COMPOUND STOMACH- multi-chambered stomach usually found in ruminants; which facilitates digestion of plant-based food. ABOMASUM (true stomach)- it secretes gastric enzyme and hCl.  similar to the true stomach of non-ruminant  true or gastric stomach  divided into fundus and pylorus region and similar to monogastric stomach.